signs of non-verbal signs. It occurs when written text was translated, for example, into music, film, or painting.
c. Process of Translation
Process of translation is an activity of a person translator when doing translation. Nida has three steps of translation process that can be used by a
translator: 1 analysis, 2 transferring, and 3 restructuring 1975: 80. The scheme can be seen below:
Source Language
Receptor Language
Text Translation
Analysis Transfer
Restructuring
Figure 01. Process of Translation Nida, 1975: 80
Nida states, “the process of analysis is, however, relatively complex,
for they involve at least three different sets of features: the grammatical relationships between constituent parts, the referential meanings of the semantic
units, and the connotative values of the grammatical structures and the semantic unit
s.” 1975:80. Each step can be explained as follows: 1
Analysis : In this phase, the translator must be understand the content or the message, and the meaning of the source language text based on the
context, to decide the right word in translating. Therefore, the translator must have the knowledge of both sources.
2 Transfer : In this phase, a translator translates the analyzed meaning of
the original language into the target language. 3
Restructuring : A translator checks the transferred text or the message in the target language. Therefore, it will looks natural and readable for
the target reader. Alexander Fraser Tytler in Bassnett, 2002: 69 in his The Principles of
Translation as the first systematic study in English of the translation processes sets up three basic principles.
1 The translation should give a complete transcript of the idea of the
original work. 2
The style and manner of writing should be of the same character with that of the original.
3 The translation should have all the ease of the original composition.
2. Meaning Equivalence
A key concept in translation is equivalence and this helps establish our approach to translation. Equivalence centers on the processes interacting between
the original Source text and Target Text. The comparison of a translation text from different languages needs to
be equivalent to the SL. Translation is about to transfer a text from SL to TL with the same exact meaning with the same or different form. A translator needs to
translate a text accurately, that is why equivalence is needed.
Munday 2001:37 states that for the message to be equivalent in ST and TT, the code-units will be different since they belong to two different sign
systems or languages, which partition reality differently. Every language has their own system or form on grammatical, so the equivalent message in ST and TT will
be different. For Tytler in Venutti, 1995:68, the aim of translation is the production
of an equivalent effect that transcends linguistic and cultural differences: I would therefore describe a good translation to be, that, in which the
merit of the original work is so completely transfused into another language, as to be as distinctly apprehended, and as strongly felt, by a
native of the country to which that language belongs, as it is by those who speak the language of the original work.
The “merit” or advantage of the foreign text, and the defects of
attempts to reproduce it in translation, are accessible to all, because, in so far as reason and good sense afford a criterion, the opinion of all intelligent readers will
probably be uniform.
Nida argued that there are two different types of equivalence, namely formal equivalence
respondence and
dynamic equivalence.
Formal correspondence consists of a TL item which represents the closest equivalent of a
SL word or phrase. Dynamic equivalence is defined as a translation principle according to which a translator seeks to translate the meaning of the original in
such a way that the TL wording will trigger the same impact on the TC audience as the original wording did upon the ST audience.
In his definition of translation equivalence, Popovi č in Bassnett,
2002:33 distinguishes four types:
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