17
pattern is designed to compel the reader to make some kind of change opinion or behaviour by establishing that a problem exist, then providing a solution.In the
problem section, the writer identifies different aspects of the problem being discussed and offers evidence of these problems. In the solution section,the writer
identifies a potential solution and supports the effectiveness of this solution over others.
Beekman , Callow and Barnwell’s theory of logical relation is so compact and easy to understand. Next, the writer will introduce the seven kinds of logical
relation completely.
2.3.1 Kinds of Logical Relation
Barnwell Beekman and Callow 1974:300 and Barnwell 1980:178 in Meaning Based Translation divide logical relation into seven kinds. It is sometimes called
argumentation relations. Logical Relations can be divided into seven kinds. Each of logical relations is discussed and exemplified. However, in order to focus on the
contrast between them, the following examples are given.
2.3.1.1 Reason-RESULT
In the reason-RESULT relation the proposition which has the role of reason answer the question “why this result?”. In your written and spoken assignment you
will often need to annswer question ‘why?’.When you want to explain why something happens, you can use a reason clause introduced by the conjunction such
as because, since, so, and therefore.
Universitas Sumatera Utara
18
Notice the following sentences: 1.Mary took a vacation because she was tired.
2.Since Mary was tired, she took a vacation.
2.3.1.2 Means-RESULT
Means-RESULT is the relationship in which the means proposition answer the question “how did this result come about?” The Means-RESULT relation
use conjunction Such as by, with, through . For example, He won the race by practici ng a lot
.The RESULT is he won therace and the means by which he did this was he practiced a lot
. Means always carries the idea of intention ,whereas, reason does not. In the following sentences, the part of the sentence which encodes the means
proposition is in italics: 1.By working very hard, he finished early.
2.They protected the house from the thieves through constant vigilance . 3.The students won the tournament by playing together well.
4.By putting money in the Bank, he saved enough to buy a house.
2.3.1.3 Purpose –MEANS
Purpose-MEANS is a relationship in which the MEANS proposition answer the question “what was done in order to achieve this purpose?. Here again, there is
deliberate intention in that a deliberate MEANS was used to bring about at particular purpose.The difference between means-RESULT and purpose-MEANS is that the
RESULT was actually brought about but the purpose may or may not have been fulfilled.
Universitas Sumatera Utara
19
Notice the difference between the following: Means-RESULT : By studying hard, he passed his exam.
Purpose-MEANS: In order to pass the exam, he studied hard but he didn’t pass. Purpose-MEANS relation is often signaled by conjunction in order to and
so that . Sometimes the infinitive is used. For example, She went to call him to dinner
consist of two propositions; the MEANS, she went, and the purpose, in order that she call him to dinner.
In the following sentences the part of the sentence which is encoding a purpose preposition is in italics:
1.Jhon went to the store to buy a book. 2.In order to get there on time, they took a taxi.
3.I came to wake you up. 4.He hang it up to dry in order that it dry out
This relation is often marked with such conjunction Therefore, Thus, In
consequence, Consequently, For this that reason.
In the following display adapted from Beekman, Callow, and Kopesec 1981:102 may be helpful in showing the contrast between the three relations
discussed above. Cause-effect
Intention Effect
Cause answer the question: REASON-
RESULT No Actual Why this result?
MEANS-RESULT Yes How
did this result come about ? MEANS-
PURPOSE Potential
What action was undertaken to
achieve the intended result?
Universitas Sumatera Utara
20
2.3.1.4 Concession-CONTRAEXPECTATION
