Determiners consist of a small group of structure words without characteristic Research Method

10 He is walking in the park, and intransitive verbs which have no object at all, such as He fell down.

2.2.1.4 Adjective

An adjective is a modifier that has the grammatical property of comparison. It describes or modifiers noun. It is often identified by special derivational endings or by special adverbial modifiers that precede it. Its most usual position is before the noun it modifies, but it fills other position as well. There are two types of adjectives. They are:

a. Determiners consist of a small group of structure words without characteristic

form, they are: 1. Articles: it signals definite and indefinite meaning. For example: a and an. 2. Demonstrative adjective: it is identical to a demonstrative pronoun, but it is used as adjectives to modify noun or noun phrase. For example: this, these, that, and those. 3. Possessive adjective: it is similar to a possessive pronoun, but it modifies a noun or noun phrase. For examples: my, your, Gita’s, and the boy’s. 4. Numeral adjective: four, one hundred, fourth, one hundredth. 5. Indefinite adjective: it is similar to an indefinite pronoun. It modifies a noun, pronoun, and noun phrase. For examples: some, few, all, and more. 6. Relative and interrogative adjective: it is like an interrogative pronoun, but it modifies a noun or noun phrase rather than standing on its own. For example: whose, what, and which. Universitas Sumatera Utara 11

b. Descriptive adjectives

usually indicate an inherent quality beautiful, intelligent, or a physical state such as age, size, and color. Inflectional and derivational endings can be added only to this type of adjective. Some descriptive adjectives take the form of: 1. Proper adjectives, such as a Catholic church, a French dish, and a Shakespearian play. 2. Participial adjectives, these consist of present participle e.g: an interesting topic, a disappointing experience and past participle a bored student, a tired housewife. 3. Adjective compounds, these consist of with participles e.g: a good-looking girl, a heart-breaking story and with –ed added to nouns functioning as the second element of a compound. The first element is usually a short adjective e.g: ill-tempered, far- sighted.

2.2.1.5 Adverb

An adverb is a word that describes or modifies a verb. There are four classifications adverbs of based on its meaning.

1. Adverb of manner: has the most characteristic adverbial form an –ly ending

added to a descriptive adjective. For examples: beautifully, badly, and slowly. 2. Adverb of place and direction. For examples: left, straight, here, away, and outside. 3. Adverb of time: points to the time both definite time and indefinite time. For examples: recently, nowadays, soon ,yesterday, today, tomorrow, , and already. 4. Intensifying adverbs: serve as quantifiers or emphasizers. For example: somewhat, extremely ,very, too, quiet, and fairly. Universitas Sumatera Utara 12

2.2.1.6 Interjection

An interjection is a word that expresses emotion and has no grammatical relation to other words in the sentence. For examples: Oh Hurrah Nonsense, etc.

2.2.1.7 Preposition

A preposition links nouns, pronouns and phrases to other words in a sentence. The word or phrase that the preposition introduces is called the objectof the preposition. A preposition usually indicates the temporal, spatial or logical relationship of its object to the rest of the sentence. Preposition may be arranged in the following classes: 1.Simple Prepositions At, by, for, from, in, of, off, on, out, through, till, to,but,yet, up, with

2. Compound Prepositions

About, above, across, along, admidst, among, amongst, around, before, behind, below, beneath, beside, between, beyond, inside, outside, underneath, within, without.

3. Phrase Prepositions Groups of words used with the force of a single

preposition. According to, agreeaby to, along with, away from, because of, by means of, by reason of, by virtue of, by way of, comfomably to, for the sake of, in accordance with, in addition, in on behalf, in case of, in comparison to, in compliance with, in consequence of, in course of, in favour of, in front of, in order to,in place of,in reference to,in regard to,in spite of ,instead of in the event of, on account of, owing to, with a view to, with an eye, with reference to , and with regard to. Universitas Sumatera Utara 13

2.2.1.8 Conjunction

A conjunction is a word which connects two words or clauses or sentences and shows the relation between them. There are three types of conjunctions: coordinating conjunctions, correlative conjunctions and subordinating conjunctions, and each type is used differently within a sentence.

1. Coordinating conjunctions

Coordinating conjunctions connect two words or groups of words with similar values. They may connect two words, two phrases, two independent clauses or two dependent clauses. For example, in each of the following sentences the coordinating conjunction “and” connects equal words or groups of words: 1.Connects two words: John and Reggie stayed up all night practicing their guitars. 2.Connects two phrases: The squirrel scurried up the tree trunk and onto a low branch. 3.Connects two clauses: Several managers sat with their backs to us, and I could almost hear them snickering at us lowly workers. There are only seven coordinating conjunctions in the English language, and they are often remembered by using the acronym “FANBOYS”: for, and, nor, but, or, yet and so.

2. Correlative conjunctions

Correlative conjunctions are pairs of conjunctions that cannot stand by themselves. A set of correlative conjunctions is usually located within the same Universitas Sumatera Utara 14 sentence, and if not, each one from the pair is located in separate but closely related sentences. The five correlative conjunctions include: Both, and Either, or Neither, nor Not only, also Not only, but also

3. Subordinating Conjunctions

These conjunctions are used to join an independent and complete clause with a dependent clause that relies on the main clause for meaning and relevance. The dependent clause cannot exist on its own as a sentence and often does not make sense without the main clause. The subordinating conjunction always comes before the dependent clause but the dependent clause itself can be placed either ahead of or following the independent clause. 1.Since they had misbehaved, the boys were given one week suspensions from school. Here, we see the dependent clause is ‘they had misbehaved’ which is not a valid sentence by itself.The independent main clause is ‘the boys were given one week suspensions from school’.They are joined by the subordinating conjunction ‘since’. 2.He was fond of playing basketball because it was his father’s favourite game. In this sentence, because is the subordinating conjunction as it introduces the dependent clause ‘it was his father’s favourite game’. The main clause in this Universitas Sumatera Utara 15 sentence is ‘he was fond of playing basketball’ as it is the sentence which can be said independently and still be grammatically correct. Subordinating conjunctions connect two groups of words by making one into a subordinating clause. The subordinating clause acts as one huge adverb, answering the questions “when” or “why” about the main clause, or imposing conditions or opposition on it. Here are some examples of subordinating conjunctions changing a clause into adverbial subordinating clauses in different ways: I can go shopping after I finish studying for my exam. when Because the night was young, Gertrude decided to take a walk. why I’ll give you a dime if you give me a dollar. condition Although he never figured out why, Hanna winked on her way out the door. opposition Other subordinating conjunctions are -As if, As in, As long as, As much as, Assuming that, Before, Even though, How, In order that, In that, Now that, Once, Providing that, So long as, So that, Than, That, Though, Unless, Until, When, Whenever, Wherever, Whether, While. subordinating conjunction. dkdklsand the ste of discourse. Cputati

2.3 Logical Relation

Logical relation is use conjunctions as a joiner, a word that connects conjoins parts of a sentence. There seem to be two basic types of conjunctions. They are: coordinating conjunctions used to connect two independent clauses and subordinating conjunctions used to establish the relationship between the dependent clause and the rest of the sentence.In several types of logical relation, preposition is also use as the joiner. Universitas Sumatera Utara 16 There are some defenition from some linguist experts of logical relation. The defenitions as follows: 1. “ Logical relations are relations in which there is always the notion of cause- EFFECT. Cause and effect are an action-reaction combination. The cause is the reason something happens, and the effect is what happens as a result. Cause and effect is seven tools of quality, shows the relationship of all factors causes that lead to the given situation effect” Beekman and Callow 1974:300 and Barnwell 1980:178 2. A logical relation is an interpropositional relation in which a proposition is related to another, in reasoning, as:  A premise to a conclusion, or  An antecedent to a consequent Ekkehard Konig:1986 3.“The logical relation of a sentence or utterance is a formal representation of its logical structure; that is, of the structure which is relevant to specifying its logical role and properties. There are a number of interrelated reasons for giving a rendering of a sentences logical form, to give the proper form for the determination of truth-conditions, to show those aspects of a sentences meaning which follow from the logical role of certain term the truth-functional account of conjunction and to formalize or regiment the language in order to show that it is has certain metalogical properties” Robert E Longacre:1983. 4.“ Logical relation shows the relationship of all factors causes that lead to the given situation effect. It identifies major causes and breaks them down into sub- causes and further sub-divisions” Bruce Hollenbach:1975 5.Logical relation is a problem-solution pattern. A problem-solution pattern divides information into two main section, one that describe a problem and one that describe a solution.This pattern is typically used in persuasive writing, where the writer’s general purpose is to convince the reader to a support a certain course of action.The Universitas Sumatera Utara 17 pattern is designed to compel the reader to make some kind of change opinion or behaviour by establishing that a problem exist, then providing a solution.In the problem section, the writer identifies different aspects of the problem being discussed and offers evidence of these problems. In the solution section,the writer identifies a potential solution and supports the effectiveness of this solution over others. Beekman , Callow and Barnwell’s theory of logical relation is so compact and easy to understand. Next, the writer will introduce the seven kinds of logical relation completely.

2.3.1 Kinds of Logical Relation

Barnwell Beekman and Callow 1974:300 and Barnwell 1980:178 in Meaning Based Translation divide logical relation into seven kinds. It is sometimes called argumentation relations. Logical Relations can be divided into seven kinds. Each of logical relations is discussed and exemplified. However, in order to focus on the contrast between them, the following examples are given.

2.3.1.1 Reason-RESULT

In the reason-RESULT relation the proposition which has the role of reason answer the question “why this result?”. In your written and spoken assignment you will often need to annswer question ‘why?’.When you want to explain why something happens, you can use a reason clause introduced by the conjunction such as because, since, so, and therefore. Universitas Sumatera Utara 18 Notice the following sentences: 1.Mary took a vacation because she was tired. 2.Since Mary was tired, she took a vacation.

2.3.1.2 Means-RESULT

Means-RESULT is the relationship in which the means proposition answer the question “how did this result come about?” The Means-RESULT relation use conjunction Such as by, with, through . For example, He won the race by practici ng a lot .The RESULT is he won therace and the means by which he did this was he practiced a lot . Means always carries the idea of intention ,whereas, reason does not. In the following sentences, the part of the sentence which encodes the means proposition is in italics: 1.By working very hard, he finished early. 2.They protected the house from the thieves through constant vigilance . 3.The students won the tournament by playing together well. 4.By putting money in the Bank, he saved enough to buy a house.

2.3.1.3 Purpose –MEANS

Purpose-MEANS is a relationship in which the MEANS proposition answer the question “what was done in order to achieve this purpose?. Here again, there is deliberate intention in that a deliberate MEANS was used to bring about at particular purpose.The difference between means-RESULT and purpose-MEANS is that the RESULT was actually brought about but the purpose may or may not have been fulfilled. Universitas Sumatera Utara 19 Notice the difference between the following: Means-RESULT : By studying hard, he passed his exam. Purpose-MEANS: In order to pass the exam, he studied hard but he didn’t pass. Purpose-MEANS relation is often signaled by conjunction in order to and so that . Sometimes the infinitive is used. For example, She went to call him to dinner consist of two propositions; the MEANS, she went, and the purpose, in order that she call him to dinner. In the following sentences the part of the sentence which is encoding a purpose preposition is in italics: 1.Jhon went to the store to buy a book. 2.In order to get there on time, they took a taxi. 3.I came to wake you up. 4.He hang it up to dry in order that it dry out This relation is often marked with such conjunction Therefore, Thus, In consequence, Consequently, For this that reason. In the following display adapted from Beekman, Callow, and Kopesec 1981:102 may be helpful in showing the contrast between the three relations discussed above. Cause-effect Intention Effect Cause answer the question: REASON- RESULT No Actual Why this result? MEANS-RESULT Yes How did this result come about ? MEANS- PURPOSE Potential What action was undertaken to achieve the intended result? Universitas Sumatera Utara 20

2.3.1.4 Concession-CONTRAEXPECTATION

A Concession CONTRAEXPECTATION is a relation of unexpectedness bet ween propositions. Some propositions in the relation as unexpected the contraexpectation in light of some other propositions the concession.Concession- CONTRAEXPECTATION relation has an element of “unexpectedness.” There are three parts: 1.a cause the concession part 2.an expected effect, and 3.An unexpected result the CONTRAEXPECTATION part. Notice the following sentence: Although the doctor told Bill to stay home,he went to the ball game .The three parts are: 1.The cause : The doctor told Bill to stay home. 2.The expected effect : Bill stayed home. 3.The unexpected effect : Bill went to the ball game. Notice that second proposition, that is, the expected effect, is not included in the English sentence.Only the cause and the unexpected effect occur. However, the English sentence, In spite of the doctor’s instruction, Bill went to the ball game instead of staying home , includes all three. The english sentence The doctor told Bill to stay home, but he didn’t includes the cause and the expected effect negated. All these forms have the same meaning. In English, this relation is often marked by the subordinating conjunction such as although, even though, whereas, even if, yet, in spite of, but. In the following sentences, the part of the sentence which is enconding a concession proposition is in italics. Implicit information is added in parentheses. 1.Although the children ate a lot of green apples, they didn’t feel sick. Universitas Sumatera Utara 21 Implied expected effect : They ought to feel sick 2.I waited a long time but no one come. Implied expected effect: Someone would come 3.In spite of what the man said they didn’t stay. Implied expected effect : They would stay 4.Even if I get up early I’ll have to hurry. Implied expected effect : I shouldn’t have to hurry.

2.3.1.5 Grounds-CONCLUSION

Grounds-CONCLUSION relation answer the question “What fact is this conclusion based on?” The relationship between the grounds and CONCLUSION can be stated with the words therefore, I conclude that, or one concludes that between the two propositions. For example, The door is unlocked so Mary must be home consist of two proposition. The grounds, The door is unlocked and the CONCLUSION, Mary must be home. The relationship could be stated: The door is unlocked, therefore, I conclude that Mary is home . In English, the grounds- CONCLUSION relation typically uses the words so and must be. In the following sentences, the part of the sentences, the part of the sentence which is encoding the grounds proposition in in italics. 1.The wind is blowing so it must be that it is going to rain soon. 2.It must be late because it’s getting dark. 3.Mary must have come, I see her son by the door. Universitas Sumatera Utara 22

2.3.1.6 Grounds-EXHORTATION

The Grounds-EXHORTATION relation is most like the grounds- CONCLUSION relation, however, in grounds-CONCLUSION the CONCLUSION is a statement and in Grounds-EXHORTATION the EXHORTATION is always a command. Notice the difference between the two following examples: grounds-CONCLUSION : The floor is clean, therefore, someone must have swept it. Grounds-EXHORTATION : The floor is clean so kept it that way. The conjunction which typically are used in English to mark the grounds- EXHORTATION relation are so and therefore. In the following sentences, the part of the sentence which is encoding the grounds proposition is in italics: 1.Father just painted the table, so don’t touch it. 2.It’s getting late, so let’s go to bed. 3.Peter like fish, so give him plenty.

2.3.1.7 Condition-CONSEQUENCE

The Condition CONSEQUENCE relation is also of the cause EFFECT type. H owever, the cause, that is, the condition, is either hypotical or there is some element of uncertainty. This relation has often been subdivided into contrary-to–fact and potential fact.This subdivisions is pointed out in Barnwell 1980:183-184. Both types are characteristically signaled by conjunction if. If that had happened, then this would have happened . For example, if it had rained, I would have stayed home; If Jhon gets home in time, we’ll go. In a contrary to fact Condition CONSEQUENCE relation, the condition is hy pothetical or imagined and did not, will not, or no is not expected to actually take place. It is simply describing a condition which might have been but as a matter fact Universitas Sumatera Utara 23 did not occur or is not expected to. For example, notice this sentence if were younger, I would go to Europe . The first proposition is the condition and is contrary- to-fact since I am not younger. I would go to Europe, which is the consequence, is also simply hypotical. In the sentence If he had not missed the bus, he would be there now , the first proposition is the condition and the second is the CONSEQUENCE. Neither is a fact. They are only imagined. Notice that the contrary-to-fact condition-CONSEQUENCE examples given above are in the past tense.That is, they are things that propositions are in the future tense.This is true when they refer to EVENTS which are not expected to happen. For example, If I were to die tommorow, who would run the store? The second type of condition-CONSEQUENCE relation is that of a potential fact. The propositions are either in the present or future. It is also unknown wheter the condition will be met which will result in the CONSEQUENCE or not. For example, If you get there early, you will get inside. Since it has not yet happened, this is simply a potential fact.The CONSEQUENCE of getting inside is dependent on the condition of getting there early. In the following sentences, the part of the sentence which encodes the condition proposition is in italics.The first four examples illustrate contrary-to-fact and the second two is potential fact. 1.If you had asked me, I would have helped you. 2.If he had eaten his dinner, he wouldn’t be hungry now. 3.Jhon would have caught the bus, if he had not stopped to talk. 4.I would have come earlier, if you had asked me to. 5.If a will is not signed, it is not valid. 6.If you get up early, you will not see the sun rise. Universitas Sumatera Utara 24 CHAPTER III METHOD OF RESEARCH

3.1 Research Method

The method of this thesis is qualitative research because the researcher observed and analyzed directly the subject of this study. Qualitative research is concerned with developing explanations of social phenomena. Bogdan and Biklen 1982 propose five characteristics of qualitative research as quoted from Aulia 2010:29, they are; a. Qualitative research has the natural setting as the direct source of data and researcher is the key instrument. b. Qualitative research is descriptive. The data collected is in the form of words of pictures rather than number. c. Qualitative research is concern with process rather than simply with outcomes or products. d. Qualitative research tends to analyze their data inductively. e. “Meaning” is essential to the qualitative approach. The design of this research is descriptive qualitative method since the data are in the form of words. This point discusses the way to collect, analyze, and get the valid data due to the need of completing the research objectives. Therefore, even when certain statistics were calculated, the writer used it to form a descriptive qualitative conclusion to describe the logical relation in the articles. The data are analyzed descriptively based on Beekman and Callow and Barnwell ‘s theory that is logical relation used in globe asia magazine. The technique which was used in this research is the analysis of written contents in selected articles.

3.2. Data and Data Source