Concession-CONTRAEXPECTATION Grounds-CONCLUSION Logical Relation

20

2.3.1.4 Concession-CONTRAEXPECTATION

A Concession CONTRAEXPECTATION is a relation of unexpectedness bet ween propositions. Some propositions in the relation as unexpected the contraexpectation in light of some other propositions the concession.Concession- CONTRAEXPECTATION relation has an element of “unexpectedness.” There are three parts: 1.a cause the concession part 2.an expected effect, and 3.An unexpected result the CONTRAEXPECTATION part. Notice the following sentence: Although the doctor told Bill to stay home,he went to the ball game .The three parts are: 1.The cause : The doctor told Bill to stay home. 2.The expected effect : Bill stayed home. 3.The unexpected effect : Bill went to the ball game. Notice that second proposition, that is, the expected effect, is not included in the English sentence.Only the cause and the unexpected effect occur. However, the English sentence, In spite of the doctor’s instruction, Bill went to the ball game instead of staying home , includes all three. The english sentence The doctor told Bill to stay home, but he didn’t includes the cause and the expected effect negated. All these forms have the same meaning. In English, this relation is often marked by the subordinating conjunction such as although, even though, whereas, even if, yet, in spite of, but. In the following sentences, the part of the sentence which is enconding a concession proposition is in italics. Implicit information is added in parentheses. 1.Although the children ate a lot of green apples, they didn’t feel sick. Universitas Sumatera Utara 21 Implied expected effect : They ought to feel sick 2.I waited a long time but no one come. Implied expected effect: Someone would come 3.In spite of what the man said they didn’t stay. Implied expected effect : They would stay 4.Even if I get up early I’ll have to hurry. Implied expected effect : I shouldn’t have to hurry.

2.3.1.5 Grounds-CONCLUSION

Grounds-CONCLUSION relation answer the question “What fact is this conclusion based on?” The relationship between the grounds and CONCLUSION can be stated with the words therefore, I conclude that, or one concludes that between the two propositions. For example, The door is unlocked so Mary must be home consist of two proposition. The grounds, The door is unlocked and the CONCLUSION, Mary must be home. The relationship could be stated: The door is unlocked, therefore, I conclude that Mary is home . In English, the grounds- CONCLUSION relation typically uses the words so and must be. In the following sentences, the part of the sentences, the part of the sentence which is encoding the grounds proposition in in italics. 1.The wind is blowing so it must be that it is going to rain soon. 2.It must be late because it’s getting dark. 3.Mary must have come, I see her son by the door. Universitas Sumatera Utara 22

2.3.1.6 Grounds-EXHORTATION