DISCUSSION The Roles of Learning Resources

248 that has information that can facilitate learners to have the information that they need to support the process of learning. Based on this definition, learning resources are categorized into six groups; they are messages, people, materials, tools, techniques, and also background AECT, 1986: 2, Januszewski, 2001:53-54. What is meant by messages is learning material that is learnt in the form of concepts, theories, ideas, facts, meanings, or data and also curriculum. People can be used as learning resources because its function to deliver the messages both from teachers and education administrators. Materials are things that contain messages such as textbooks and soft wares. Tools are media that can distribute the messages or often called as hardware which include learningmediaand computers. Techniques are procedures or the process of how materials, people, tools and environment can deliver the messages. This also includes approaches, strategies, and also methods in teaching and learning.And last background is the environment where the messages are sent and receive AECT, 1986: 9-10. Kinds of Learning Resources Learning resources based learning includes many ways and facilities. This approach provides many ways of learning such as teachers’ counselingand independent learning. Learning resource based teaching BEBAS is a system that concern on learners where the process of learning uses independent learning resources or materials that is prepared by teachers.Learning resource based teaching BEBAS also can be called as learning approach that oriented on learners that use optimally the humanistic and non-humanistic learning resources Brown Smith, inSiregar, 2010:131. Further, Dorrell inSiregar, 2010:131 states that learning resources based learning can be divided into open learning, distance learning, flexible learning, learning resources, and resource based. a Open learning is an open learning principle for everyone. In other words, there are no such pre-qualification criteria such as age, social status, economy and etc.The learners can choose where, when and how they are going to learn and they are free from any interruption. b Distance learning is an education mode that connects the learners from different long areas with the learning resources. The materials that are used in distance usually similar with open education. c Flexible learning is a kind of learning that use several sources in many variety of forms. Flexible learning can be applied for any education mode that uses learning resources. d Learning resources are the source that can be used as learning media which include videos, books, cassettes, audio CBTs, TV, andthe combination of these media. e Resources based learning is a learning mode that adopts students centered learning and uses variety of learning resources. The wide application of this mode of learning can also be implemented on open education, distance learning, and also flexible learning. Learning Resource Center As already explained above, many learning resources can be used for variety of learning aims. Education institutions like school usually have a library as its learning resources. Beside library, some other institutions also have many types of laboratories such as science lab, language lab and various practical instruments and audiovisual aids. In order to maintain and make use of these learning resources effectively, the schools need to have professional people that manage these resources in a working unit which later can be called as Learning Resources Unit – Unit SumberBelajar USB or Learning Resource Center - PusatSumberBelajar PSB. 249 The support from various parties is needed in order to revive and develop a library. It is not the responsibility of library boards and members only but also the responsibility of school as the institution and other parties that wish to develop and improve education quality. The additional efforts like revising and re-examine the provision of library is also urgent as to intensify the use of library as a learning resource center. Thus, a library needs to have and give better service in the provision of and information services in supporting the main task and function of home institution. Best service means librarians’ attitude should use people-based servicesprincipleand also provides excellenceservices. It is hoped that these services can satisfy the users, increase the users’ loyalty and possibly can increase the number of the users. The library should be able to make a new performance or new move, not only from the head of the library but also from the employees that work in the library. The new performance or new move here means a breakthrough and new paradigm that can change the society or academician perspectives on the library; from library that only provide books to library that full of information. The dependence on the head of the library should be left out and try to move and create the systematic creativity and innovation. The head of the library should allow all of the people who work in the library to make new policy and let their creativity flow to develop and improve the library quality and services. Further effort is how the library managers establish close relationship with other parties or institutions and make mutually cooperation as to improve and develop the library. Not only the relationship with other institutions, but also the library has to improve the relationship with all of the students such as providing mobile library, trainings on how to write an academic paper, and school competition like writing synopsis, article, and opinion, etc. It is hoped that these efforts may increase students’ reading interest and increase their achievement. The Management Principles of Learning Resource Center a Information Center Management Principles There are several principles in establishing information center as one of learning resources center that must be fulfilled by the libraryboards; they are: thereports that received from other unit then will be sent to unit facilities that used computer laboratory system and later make the preparation to publish the report. Some of the data will be sent to documents reproduction unit the microfilm, microfiche or copies will be made based on these data. Then, a part of these products will be sent to refence center in each faculty and the other part will be printed in university printing house. The best approach in order to determine several things that are needed by the system areby learning how to keep the files in orderly fashion and also how to provide the information to the customers. The other way to know the information from a system is by investigating where the system obtained the information. In addition to that, the library also has to put the concern on how the filingsystem is arranged and kept. Further, it also has to put attention on how the reports are made, which include the requirements on how to write a report,whether it is an annual reportandwhat sort of information that should be include and how the report will be made and etc. b Services management principles Learning resource center services are the activities that are done in the library such as finishing activities, procurement, coaching, and the arrangement and delivery of books to the visitors or the users. This is done in order to make use of printed and non-printed materials that can maximally use by the users and haveeasy and quick access.To make it happen, a library should provide a proper and better service to the users. There are several things that 250 can determine a service in the library, they are 1 Books collection, the availability of books can provide the services and not do used as decoration and display only and also how the collection of books are arranged and developed; 2 Facilities which include the kinds of services, the system, service procedures, and location, and etc.; 3 Services and or the librarians function as a bridging source. Theycan be the experts, technicians,orhiring the technician; 4 Users, an individual that make use of library services that can be an expert, learnersstudents or, common people in the society. c Instructional Development Management Principles. Instructional development that works in a particular learning resource should have particular competencies in this field which can be gathered through special education or trainings in order to have enough experience, knowledge, and confident performance and have capabilities in evaluation and assessment that later allow them to work maximally in their work. d Production Management Principles Production management principles relate to the function of the production unit itself; that is the function as a unit that has the responsibility to provide the materials or instructional materials that obtain from other sources. Thus, there are three stages of production management: 1 Identifying and examining communication problems; 2 Designing and producing messages; 3 Administrating facilities and media production personnel. What is meant by administration here is the implementation of production arrangement which includes supervision, planning development, internal and external communication, and also evaluation. In general, the function of learning resource center can be developed based on the need of school orinstitution. Further concern on the establishment of learning resource center is the effectivelyof each function to achieve the aims and learning competencies. However, there is a main function in every learning resource center; that is the function asinstructional development system.The other functions are: learning media services, production, trainings and administration function. a Instructional development system; this is the main function because it is the core of all activities in learning resources center which then spread to other functions.This function can help teachers, lecturers and facilitatorsin designing learning activities in order to improve the effectively and efficiency of teaching and learning process b Functions of learning media services; this functons give services for teachers, lecturers, and facilitators toward the need of learning media. The services can be in the form of choosing suitable media, techniques in using the media, and also the other services such as the utilization of other types of learning media. The services are not only limited for teachers only buat also for learners. The services such as individual or group learning service based media especially for audio-visual media or other kinds of electronicmedia c Production function; this function relates to the provision of learning media in which these mediaunavailable in the market, so it must be made to fulfill the need of curriculum. d Training function; this function is responsible towards human resource development, both for teachers and other administration staff. Through this function, teachers can improve their teaching competencyespeciallythe competency in using learning media and other resources. In the other way, training function can help the administration staff in managing and arranging learning resources and improve the services for learning resources center users e Administration function; this function is responsible for the services management, learning resources, and administrating of the other functions. Thus, it is hoped that the services system may improve and run in orderly 251 manner. It has been stated before that a learning resource should not always have all of these functions, as long as they can give better services and reach the goals and learning competencies.

IV. CONCLUSIONS

The effort in improving the quality of learning is very important. The optimalization of learning is determined by the availability of learning resources that use by the teachers in teaching and learning processes. The completion of materials taught to students depends on the kinds of learning resource used by teachers. It is because learning resource is an important component to reach the goals of learning. A learning process that uses a complete and maximal learning resource can increase students’ learning interest. These interests emerge because the students get more knowledge and understanding from the learning resources. Thus, it is hoped that teachers can understand and implement learning resource based teaching in the classroom. Teachers should be aware that the completion of learning materials cannot be reached without proper and suitable learning resources. Teachers in this case should be able to make use of school library as media to improve students’ reading interest. Reading habit should be the characteristics of the learners and should not be ignored in the process of teaching and learning at school. So, teachers must be able to use learning resources and other relevant media that fit with their students’ needs and characteristics. References AECT. 1986.DefinisiTeknologiPendidikan.Penerjemah: YusufhadiMiarsodkk. Jakarta: RajawalibekerjasamadenganPusatAntarUniversitas di UniversitasTerbuka. Seels, B.B. and Richey, R.C. 1994.Instructional Technology: The Definition and Domains of the Field. Whasington, DC: AECT Siregar, Eveline andHartini Nara.2010.TeoriBelajardanPembelajaran. Bogo:Ghalia Indonesia. Rose, Colin and Nicholl, Malcolm J. 2002.Accelerated Learning. Bandung: Nuansa. 252 Reshaping the Non-Aligned Movement: Challenges and Vision S.I.Keethaponcalan, Ph.D., Salisbury University United States

I. INTRODUCTION

The Non-Aligned Movement NAM is the foremost international entity of the states of the Third World. Obviously, not aligning with any of the superpower military alliances of the Cold War era was one of the stated objectives of the movement. The Cold War ended and it is argued that with the end of the Cold War, the NAM also lost its relevance. For example, Carsten Rauch recently pointed out that “the end of the Cold War and the resulting rapprochement between the former blocs” have rendered the NAM irrelevant. 1 This article is written on the premise that the end of the Cold War was only one of the international developments that warranted a re-evaluation. Perhaps it was the straw that broke the camel’s back. Many of the movement’s objectives lost relevance as major grievances began to be resolved. Therefore, a re-evaluation was in order for a long time. This article looks at the current state of the movement in the backdrop of a rapidly changing international order and argues that several of the originally declared objectives of the organization are no longer relevant. However, the need to continue still remains valid. The movement’s need to continue is justified on the grounds that some of the old issues have taken a new form and new issues that affect members of the NAM as a collective entity, have emerged. Moreover, the international system or to be precise, the dynamics of the new world order are constantly changing. This also necessitates the need to continue because the system could end up with several rival blocs or power centres in the future. In order to continue and be relevant and efficient, the movement must be revamped and reshaped. This paper argues that reshaping should take three specific forms: 1 symbolic changes, 2 structural changes, and 3 policy changes. This article was written with the purpose of igniting a public and intellectual debate on the subject of reforming the movement. Therefore, no argument is presented as final thoughts. This paper relies on secondary data for analysis.

II. ORIGIN AND OBJECTIVES

Most of the Western world from the inception of the NAM viewed the organization and its agenda with a sense of suspicion and negativity. The negativity was also extended to scholarship on this subject. Peter Willetts, in one of his critical analyses of the non-aligned, contended that “while I maintain non-alignment was not born until 1961 as a coherent group of ideas propounded by a group of relatively like-minded states, it has also been maintained by other people that non- 1 Carsten Rauch. 2008. Farewell Non-Alignment? Constancy and Change of Foreign Policy in Post-Colonial India. Frankfurt: Peace Research Institute Frankfurt. P. 3.