THEORITICAL BASE Proc 2015 Commemorative Academic Conference

246 a Learning resource that have energy and power as to provide what is needed by teachers in teaching and learning process. So, although a learning resource has certain energy but cannot fulfill the teachers need and cannot meet the teaching aims, then this media cannot call as a learning resource. b Learning resource may change the attitude of the students to be better based on the aims of learning. If certain learning resources bring the negative effects to the learners; so this learning resourcecannotcall as a learning resource. For example, after a student watched a movie and later the content in the movie suggests someone to act negatively then this learning resourcecannot call as a learning resource. c Learning resources can be used individually or separately but cannot be used as a combination such as learning materialsmaybe combined with devices and strategy method. Learning resources like modules can be used alone with no other additional learning resources. d Based on the form of the learning resources can be differentiated as: adesigned learning resourcesandready-used learning resources utilization. Designed learning resources are the materials that arespecially designed for learning activities whereas ready-used learning resources are things that do not meant to as a learning resource butlater it can be used as a media of learning. The main characteristics of ready-used learning resources are: the content does not arrange systematically, do not state the learning aims explicitly, and it is used only for certain aims of learning that is relevant to the learning resource itself. Further, Vernon S. Gerlach Donald P. Ely 1971 classified the learning resources as people, materials, environment, tools and equipment and activities which describe as follows: a People In teaching and learning process, people can be used as learning resources. There are two groups of people that can be used as a learning resource. The first group is people that specially prepared for the learning resources such as through education; they are teachers, counselors, education administrators, tutors, and etc. The second group is people who do not meant to be prepared for learning resources but they have certain skills that relate to teaching and learning process such as doctors, health counselors, farmers, policesand etc. b Materials What is meant by materials here are several of things that consist of messagesinformation that can be used as learning materials. The messages can be in the form of textbooks, videos, movies, globes, graphs, interactive CDs andetc. These kinds of form are called as learning media. As to people, materials that are used as learning resources also divided into two groups: materials that purposely designed as learning resources and other materials that are used to support and give relevant explanation towards learning materials or topics. c Environment Environment that can be used as learning resources is the environment that can give particular learning condition. There are two kinds of environment that can be used as learning resources. The first is the environment that is specifically designed for sources of learning such as laboratories, classes and etc. The second is the environments that are used to support the success of learning process such as museum, zoos and etc. 247 d Tools and equipment. Learning resources can be in the form of tools and equipment that used to produce and performing other learning resources such as television that used to make distance learning program. The other tools like computer also used to design computer based-learning, tape recorder is used to make audio learning program as for English teaching which often used as listening tool, and etc. e Activity Generally activities that can be used as learning resources are the activities that may support the accomplishment of learning process. These activities often combine the presentation techniques and learning resources that can facilitate the learning process. These activities include discussion, observations, tutorials and etc. Based on the explanation above, the process of learning at schools and universities, working place or companies must put efforts toward learning or at least prepare a skillful, responsible group of people that have certain roles to create learning resources in order to support and improve the effectively and efficiency of the learning process. Therefore, it is a need to establish an institution that conceptually named as Learning Resource Center or it can be a group of people that have roles to manage and make used of several kinds of learning resources like what have been explained before. The establishment of learning resource center is an effort to increase the effectively and efficiency of learning process. An educational institution cannot run well if teachers and learners do not have good learning resources to support the process of teaching at school. Colin Rose and Malcolm J. Nicholl 2002in their book Accelerated Learninghighlight six steps of meaningful learning, they are: 1 motivating mind, 2 obtaining information, 3 investigating meaning, 4 triggering memory, 5 exhibit what is known by learners, and 6 reflecting how the students learnt. So it is clear that a learning process must be meaningful for learners and the way to make it happen is by providing chanceand opportunity to access information and to investigate about the topics and subjects that they learnt. This effort is make learners understand how important the materials that they will learnin their life.

III. DISCUSSION The Roles of Learning Resources

Many kinds of problem that are faced in the distribution and expansion of education access, quality improvement, relevancy and educational competitiveness only may be resolve by implementing educational technologyespecially by developing and make use of various learning resources not only designed learning resourcesbutalsoutilizinglearning resources. It has to be remembered that learning resources in education technology include educators, teachers, curriculumand also learning environment.The question is how to develop and make use oftheselearning resources in education especially in the learning process? Based on the definition of education technology in 1977 and redeveloped in 1994 and 2004 the main concern of education technology is aim to find the solution about the problems that related to teaching and learning by applying particular process and the components of technology more widely in learning which later called as learning resources Seels Richey, 1994:4. Learning resources in the area of education technology has wider and unlimited meaning which is not limited only to audiovisual materials. Learning materials are every kind of things 248 that has information that can facilitate learners to have the information that they need to support the process of learning. Based on this definition, learning resources are categorized into six groups; they are messages, people, materials, tools, techniques, and also background AECT, 1986: 2, Januszewski, 2001:53-54. What is meant by messages is learning material that is learnt in the form of concepts, theories, ideas, facts, meanings, or data and also curriculum. People can be used as learning resources because its function to deliver the messages both from teachers and education administrators. Materials are things that contain messages such as textbooks and soft wares. Tools are media that can distribute the messages or often called as hardware which include learningmediaand computers. Techniques are procedures or the process of how materials, people, tools and environment can deliver the messages. This also includes approaches, strategies, and also methods in teaching and learning.And last background is the environment where the messages are sent and receive AECT, 1986: 9-10. Kinds of Learning Resources Learning resources based learning includes many ways and facilities. This approach provides many ways of learning such as teachers’ counselingand independent learning. Learning resource based teaching BEBAS is a system that concern on learners where the process of learning uses independent learning resources or materials that is prepared by teachers.Learning resource based teaching BEBAS also can be called as learning approach that oriented on learners that use optimally the humanistic and non-humanistic learning resources Brown Smith, inSiregar, 2010:131. Further, Dorrell inSiregar, 2010:131 states that learning resources based learning can be divided into open learning, distance learning, flexible learning, learning resources, and resource based. a Open learning is an open learning principle for everyone. In other words, there are no such pre-qualification criteria such as age, social status, economy and etc.The learners can choose where, when and how they are going to learn and they are free from any interruption. b Distance learning is an education mode that connects the learners from different long areas with the learning resources. The materials that are used in distance usually similar with open education. c Flexible learning is a kind of learning that use several sources in many variety of forms. Flexible learning can be applied for any education mode that uses learning resources. d Learning resources are the source that can be used as learning media which include videos, books, cassettes, audio CBTs, TV, andthe combination of these media. e Resources based learning is a learning mode that adopts students centered learning and uses variety of learning resources. The wide application of this mode of learning can also be implemented on open education, distance learning, and also flexible learning. Learning Resource Center As already explained above, many learning resources can be used for variety of learning aims. Education institutions like school usually have a library as its learning resources. Beside library, some other institutions also have many types of laboratories such as science lab, language lab and various practical instruments and audiovisual aids. In order to maintain and make use of these learning resources effectively, the schools need to have professional people that manage these resources in a working unit which later can be called as Learning Resources Unit – Unit SumberBelajar USB or Learning Resource Center - PusatSumberBelajar PSB.