45 f.
Genres
Callaghan, Knapp, and Noble 1993: 193 as cited in Tribble 1996: 147 classified writing texts as the following chart; the upper charts explains about the
process, while the lower charts show the products of each process, signed using lines. The chart is described in Figure 2.3 Classified Writing Texts Tribble, 1996:
147.
6. Writing
a. The Nature of Writing
According to Tiedt 1989: 1, “W riting is a method of expressing ideas about any subject content; it appears in classroom everywhere and, therefore,
must be the concern of every teacher.” Furthermore, writing is a productive skill. Writing enables learners to produce written documentatio n of their ideas,
opinions, or experiences. This is supported by White 1986: 12 which stated “The act of writing is
also an act of sharing new ideas- or old ideas with a new perspective- with the human community. To write means to put our favorite or most important thoughts
forward, to unveil a line of thinking too elaborate to communicate through conversation. Putting our thoughts on paper not only ‘fixes’ them, like verbal
photographs, for anyone at any time to read; but it also allows for repeated and in- depth perusal, which is so often necessary for thoughts too rich and complex to be
absorbed in one reading.”
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46 Figure 2.3 Classified Writing Texts
Tribble, 1996: 147
Genres Social process that
Describe: Through
the process of
classifying and
describing things into
cultural or scientific
taxonomies of meaning
Instruct: Through the
process of logically
ordering a sequence of
actions or behaviors
Explain: Through the
process of sequencing
phenomena in temporal
and or causal
relationships Argue:
Through the process of
persuading readers to
accept a logical
ordering of propositions
Narrate: Through
the process of
sequencing people and
events in time and
space
Commonly used in
Personal descriptions
Common sense
descriptions Technical
descriptions
Information descriptions
Scientific reports
Definit ions
Explanations of how
Explanations of why
Elaborations Illustrations
Accounts Explanations
essays Procedures
Manuals Science
Experiments Recipes
Directions Essays
Expositions Discussions
Debates Reviews
Interpretatio ns
Evaluations Recounts
Personal Historical
Stories Fairytales
Myths Narratives
Fables
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47
However, the communications in the written forms are not simple activities because it relates the understanding between the writer and the readers.
Writing is not only about restoring the writer’s information in the forms of writings. Writing is about to get people understand what the writer understands,
believes, and feels. To get the readers to stand where the writer stands is a complex matter.
Thus, a writer has to own good writing skills. Percy 1981 which was restated by Gie 1992: 4 described that good writing skills are important not only
for academic purposes, but also for these following reasons: 1
A tool for self- expression Everyone needs things to express their feelings. Writing poetry or writing
some sentences can be one tool for expressing one’s feeling. 2
A tool for understanding In writing, one thinks of an idea and tries to develop the idea into a perfect
writing that finally will lead him or her to a new and deeper understanding of the world.
3 A tool for developing personal satisfaction, pride, and a feeling of self-
worth The feeling of pride, satisfaction, and self- worth are repayment for the
writer after creating a literary work successfully. Those feeling will raise his her confidence in creating another literary work.
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48
4 A tool for increasing awareness and perfection of one’s environment
Writing frequently will exacerbate one’s sensitivity and develop the ability of understanding the environment.
5 A tool for active involvement, not passive acceptance
Writing is a literary work through which one expresses his idea, creates things, and involves in his creation completely.
6 A tool for developing an understanding of an ability to use the language
The main public goals of school are reaching the ability to read and understand what is written by somebody else and also increasing the
ability to use words in writing to retell new idea to the readers. It is obvious that the writing activity is useful to help students reach those
goals.
b. The Principles Of Teaching Writing
