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classroom situations. Then, the questions for preliminary field testing involved in how the designed materials would work and the validity of the designed materials.
2. Interview Guidelines
Seliger and Shoha my 1989: 166 describe that “Interview is conducted to collect information by actually talking to the participants. Interview is also
divided into two types, unstructured and structured forms. Structured interview presents the questions with its alternative response options. In vice versa,
unstructured interview is more flexible since the respondents have wider opportunity to express their feelings, views, and experiences on English learning.”
To obtain the information about learners’ characteristics and interests, the writer used unstructured interview. The writer also used unstructured interview
for preliminary field testing to improve the designed materials from expert validation. Unstructured interview enable both the writer and the respondents to
add further explanation needed.
D. Data Gathering Techniques
Based on two research problems which were formulated in Chapter 1, the writer had to collect necessary data to answer the research problems. First, the
writer conducted the research and information collecting. Previously, the writer conducted literature research to review necessary and related theories. The
theories were about the descriptions in designing a set of integrated reading and writing materials for the tenth graders. The results of literature research would be
meaningless without countering it with the learning needs. Thus, the writer
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conducted needs analysis to obtain accurate information for the next steps in designing materials. The needs analysis was in the forms of questionnaires which
conducted in SMA Pangudi Luhur St. Louis IX Sedayu Bantul school environment. After collecting the data, the writer conducted interviews to obtain
supporting and detailed data. Next, the writer developed the materials based on the needs analysis and
literature review. The next step after developing the materials from data gathering techniques step was to test the designed materials. In this step, the writer uses
semi-structured questionnaires and unstructured interviews. Those were aimed at evaluating the designed materials. The questionnaires were distributed to the tenth
graders. The other was expert validation in which the writer conducted unstructured interviews to English teachers of SMA Pangudi Luhur St. Louis IX
Sedayu Bantul and lecturers of English Education Department of Sanata Dharma University. After all data was collected, the writer analyzed them before revising
the designed materials. The whole process of data collection is presented on Table 3.2. The Whole Process of Data Collecting.
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74 Table 3.2 The Whole Process of Data Collecting
Instruments Respondents
Data Gathered Research
Problem Time
Review of Literature
Theories of instructional design
model, materials
development, Reading theories, Writing
theories, and Cooperative Learning
theories. A description of the
tenth graders of SMA Pangudi Luhur St.
Louis IX Sedayu 1
August – October
2007
Questionnaires and Interview
The tenth graders of
SMA Pangudi
Luhur St. Louis IX
Sedayu Learners’
characteristics, learners’ activities, and learners’
interests in reading and writing topics.
1 May
2008
Interview English
teacher of SMA
Pangudi Luhur
Sedayu Learners’
characteristics, topics and interests.
1 May
2008
Questionnaires and interview
Materials Evaluation
The tenth graders of
Pangudi Luhur
Sedayu Evaluation on the
designed materials 2
October 2008
Questionnaires and Interview
Expert Validation
English lecturers of
Sanata Dharma
University and English
teachers of SMA PL
Evaluation on the designed materials
2 May
2011
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75 E.
Data Analysis Techniques
To analyze the data gathered, the writer uses percentages. The use of percentages is clearer and easier for people to interpret the data since the analysis
is aimed at presenting the findings to others. According to Ary et al. 2002: 125, “The percentages are calculated by dividing the total number in one category by
the total number in all categories and multiplying the result by 100.” The formula used to calculate the percentage is presented below.
P = X
x 100 X
’
where X the number in one category
X ’
the total number in all categories P
number of percentage
Before designing the materials, the writer conducted research and information collecting which also considered the literature review and needs
analysis. The findings of literature review are presented in Chapter II and the findings of needs analysis are presented in Chapter IV. There were two ways of
obtaining needs analysis: distributing questionnaires and interviewing. The data from questionnaires were analyzed using percentages in order to describe the
results of the learners’ answers. The questionnaires were also analyzed thorugh qualitative data analysis since some of the answers were based on self-opinions
which had to be interpreted by the writer.
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From the result of needs analysis and literature review, the writer described what the learners expected to learn and determined what learning
contents which are appropriate for the learners. Then, the writer designed the materials. After designing the materials, preliminary field testing was conducted
by the writer. Preliminary field testing was also carried out in two ways: distributing questionnaires and interviewing. The data were analyzed through
percentages and qualitative data analysis.
F. Research Procedure
