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statements, and want statements; conventionally indirect head acts suggestory formula and the query preparatory; and non-conventionally indirect head acts
strong hints and mild hints. The details are described in table 10 below.
Table 10. Coding of Head Acts in Requests Directness levels
Strategies Description and example
Direct Head Acts impositives
DHA Mood derivable
Mood
‘Don’t tell him’ ‘Leave your contact details.’
Performatives Perf
‘I order you to set out at once’ ‘I beg you to give it back to me.’
Obligation statement Oblig
‘You should come back earlier’ ‘You must submit it tomorrow.’
Want statement Want
‘I want to borrow money from you’ ‘I want to know Tahay’s contact details.’
Conventionally Indirect Head Acts
CIHA Suggestory formulae
Sugg
‘How about not going today?’ ‘How about postponing your holiday?’
Query preparatory Qprep
‘Can you lend your mobile phone?’ ‘Can you record that right now?’
Non-conventionally Indirect Head Acts
Hints NIHA
Strong hints Shin
‘This room is very hot’ ‘Why do you touch my things?’
Mild hints Mhin
‘Are you busy? ‘The one we usually use was here’
c. Internal modifications
Internal modifications were subcategorized into lexical modifications and syntactic downgraders. Lexical modifications comprised lexical downgrader i.e.,
politeness marker, downtoner, subjectivizer, understater, appealer, honorific, hesitation marker, delimiter, and hedge and lexical upgraders i.e., commitment
indicator, repetition of request, and time intensifier. The details are explained in table 11.
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Table 11. Coding of Lexical Modifications in Requests Lexical
modifications Strategies
Description and example
Lexical downgraders
LD Politeness marker
Polm
‘Excuse me’, ‘please’, ‘Sir’ or ‘Miss’. Downtoner
Down
‘Well……you know, but…. …then’. Subjectivizer
Subj
‘I think… I feel… I believe…’ Understater
Unds
‘a little’ and ‘some’ Appealer
Appl
: ‘……., OK?’ Honorific
Hon honorific device e.g. Mr.Mr. Ms.
honorific addressee speech level formal or informal Hesitation marker
Hesm
‘well…. uh….’ Delimiter
Delm
‘only only once’
Hedge Hedg
‘possiblyprobably’, ‘perhaps’, ‘seem’, ‘just’, etc. Lexical
Upgdraders LU
Commitment indicator Comm
‘definitely’, ‘surely’, etc. Repetition of
request Rept
‘Come here Come here quickly’ Time intensifier
Time
‘right now’, ‘hurriedly’, ‘quickly’, etc.
Meanwhile, syntactic downgraders were related to the using of three syntactical modifications of requests. The codings are presented in table 12 below.
Table 12. Coding of Syntactical Modifications in Requests
Syntactic downgraders
SD
Strategies Description and example
Conditional Cond
‘if…….’ Reduplication of
verb Redp
‘chit-chat’ Interrogative
Intrg
Using a ‘?’ as question mark
d. External modifications supportive moves
The last strategy were external modifications. The external modifications consisted of downgrading external modifications i.e., preparatory, grounder, cost
minimizer, promise of reward, apology, humbling oneself, self-introduction, PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI