Openers Head acts First step

65 statements, and want statements; conventionally indirect head acts suggestory formula and the query preparatory; and non-conventionally indirect head acts strong hints and mild hints. The details are described in table 10 below. Table 10. Coding of Head Acts in Requests Directness levels Strategies Description and example Direct Head Acts impositives DHA Mood derivable Mood ‘Don’t tell him’ ‘Leave your contact details.’ Performatives Perf ‘I order you to set out at once’ ‘I beg you to give it back to me.’ Obligation statement Oblig ‘You should come back earlier’ ‘You must submit it tomorrow.’ Want statement Want ‘I want to borrow money from you’ ‘I want to know Tahay’s contact details.’ Conventionally Indirect Head Acts CIHA Suggestory formulae Sugg ‘How about not going today?’ ‘How about postponing your holiday?’ Query preparatory Qprep ‘Can you lend your mobile phone?’ ‘Can you record that right now?’ Non-conventionally Indirect Head Acts Hints NIHA Strong hints Shin ‘This room is very hot’ ‘Why do you touch my things?’ Mild hints Mhin ‘Are you busy? ‘The one we usually use was here’

c. Internal modifications

Internal modifications were subcategorized into lexical modifications and syntactic downgraders. Lexical modifications comprised lexical downgrader i.e., politeness marker, downtoner, subjectivizer, understater, appealer, honorific, hesitation marker, delimiter, and hedge and lexical upgraders i.e., commitment indicator, repetition of request, and time intensifier. The details are explained in table 11. 66 Table 11. Coding of Lexical Modifications in Requests Lexical modifications Strategies Description and example Lexical downgraders LD Politeness marker Polm ‘Excuse me’, ‘please’, ‘Sir’ or ‘Miss’. Downtoner Down ‘Well……you know, but…. …then’. Subjectivizer Subj ‘I think… I feel… I believe…’ Understater Unds ‘a little’ and ‘some’ Appealer Appl : ‘……., OK?’ Honorific Hon honorific device e.g. Mr.Mr. Ms. honorific addressee speech level formal or informal Hesitation marker Hesm ‘well…. uh….’ Delimiter Delm ‘only only once’ Hedge Hedg ‘possiblyprobably’, ‘perhaps’, ‘seem’, ‘just’, etc. Lexical Upgdraders LU Commitment indicator Comm ‘definitely’, ‘surely’, etc. Repetition of request Rept ‘Come here Come here quickly’ Time intensifier Time ‘right now’, ‘hurriedly’, ‘quickly’, etc. Meanwhile, syntactic downgraders were related to the using of three syntactical modifications of requests. The codings are presented in table 12 below. Table 12. Coding of Syntactical Modifications in Requests Syntactic downgraders SD Strategies Description and example Conditional Cond ‘if…….’ Reduplication of verb Redp ‘chit-chat’ Interrogative Intrg Using a ‘?’ as question mark

d. External modifications supportive moves

The last strategy were external modifications. The external modifications consisted of downgrading external modifications i.e., preparatory, grounder, cost minimizer, promise of reward, apology, humbling oneself, self-introduction, PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI