1. Instructional Design
Banathy 1976:16 defines instructional design as “any interaction between the learner and his environment through which the learner was making progress
toward the attainment of specific and purposed knowledge, skill, and attitude”. Moreover, Gagne and Briggs 1978:18 offer another definition as follows:
“…… designing an instructional system is the construction of an-over arching framework for accomplishing whatever variety of learned outcomes the
course or curriculum intends. The design of such an instructional system is drown from the accumulated wisdom contained in teaching models, learning
theory and other relevant discipline and experiences. The purpose of an instructional system, however, is to provide the necessary means for achieving
all the types of outcomes called for in the curriculum or course being considered”.
In this research, instructional design is defined as the whole process of developing instructional materials and the activities involved in order to provide
better learning for the students incorporating journal writing.
2. Instructional Materials
Richard and Rodgers 2001:29 define that instructional materials can provide detailed specifications of content, even in the absence of syllabus. Richard and
Rodgers give guidance to teachers on both the intensity of coverage and the amount of attention demanded by particular contents of pedagogical tasks. In this research,
similar to Richard and Rodgers, instructional materials focus on the discussion and all things that are going to be taught and learned.
3. Writing
Tiedt 1982:2 perceives that writing is one way of expressing what we think. When we think about writing instruction, we perceives about the process of writing
that includes what happens before the students writespre-writing and what happens after the students writepost-writing. During the process, the students think, feel, and
experience as they produce a piece of writing. That is why the process becomes more important than the final product because the students will learn more from the process
itself.
4. Journal Writing
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