THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK REVIEW ON RELATED LITERATURE

Figure 2.3. Yalden’s Model of Language Development Program 1987:88

B. THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK

This research aims to develop a set of Writing Materials. Hence, the discussion on theory of writing is considered important to give some points to be understood. The description on the nature of writing helps the researcher to choose teaching method and materials. The researcher adopt the view that writing is not merely about making a final product of writing itself, but widely about jotting down the thoughts, feeling, or reactions as well as developing the grammar. The researcher finds out the writing activities of the eleventh grade students of SMKN 2 Depok Sleman Yogyakarta need to be developed into an active learning through an activity that allows the students to be the center of the practice and learning, creative and expressive writers, and to give more chance to write to have continued writing practices. Therefore, the researcher introduces an alternative strategy, writing using a journal, in order to accomplish the purposes previously stated. Need survey Select. of syllabus type Prod. of proto- syllabus Prod. of pedagogic syllabus Dev. of classroom procedure Evaluation Revision Description of purpose In designing the writing material for the eleventh grade students of SMKN 2 Depok Sleman, Yopgyakarta the researcher needs to adapt and combine both Yalden’s instructional design model and Kemp’s model. The researcher combines the three similar stages, namely description of purposes, evaluation, and revision. The researcher adapts four stages of Kemp’ model namely determining goals, topics, and general purposes, specifying the learning objectives, stating subject contents, and selecting teaching learning activities and materials. The researcher also takes two stages from Yalden’s model that could not be found in Kemp’s model namely needs survey and development and implication of classroom procedures. In brief, the researcher sets eight stages from combining and adapting the two instructional design models. The stages are 1 conducting need survey, 2determining goals, topics, and general purposes, 3 specifying learning objectives, 4 listing subject contents, 5 selecting teaching learning activities and materials, 6 designing materials, 7 evaluating, 8 revising. 1 Conducting a Need Survey This is the first step of Yalden’s model as a preliminary step in developing the writing materials which suits the students’ needs. At this step, the researcher collect and gain information about students’ need, interests, and difficulties in learning by distributing a questionnaire to the eleventh grade students of SMKN 2 Depok Sleman Yogyakarta. The information about the students’ characteristic supporting the production of the designed materials can be gathered by interviewing the English teacher. PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI 2 Determining Goals, Topics, and General Purposes This step is taken from Kemp’s models “Considering goals, list topics, and stating the general purposes”, the same as Yalden’s model “Description of Purposes”. The researcher decides the goals as the foundation for developing the writing materials for the eleventh grade students of SMKN 2 Depok Sleman Yogyakarta. After that, the researcher chooses the topics to achieve the goals. The topics will be chosen based on the result of the need survey. After all, the researcher will formulate the general purposes of each topic. 3 Specifying Learning Objectives This stage is adapted from kemp’s model. After considering the purposes, the researcher will formulate specified objectives of the learning to be achieved in every meeting. 4 Listing Subject Contents This stage is taken from Kemp’s model. In this stage, the writer lists the subject contents to be learnt by the students in order to achieve the objectives. 5 Selecting Teaching Learning Activities and Materials This step is adapted from Kemp’s model. Enjoyable and interesting activities should be applied in order to enhance students’ writing motivation so that the students will actively write their thoughts. The materials chosen should also attract the students’ interest and attention. The arrangement of both activities and materials will be based on the result of the needs survey. PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI 6 Designing Materials This step is adapted from Yalden’s models;” Development and implementation of Class Procedures”. This research aims to develop a set of materials and do not propose the materials to be implemented in the classroom. The designed materials will be designed based on the result of needs survey from the questionnaire distributed to the eleventh grade students of SMKN 2 Depok SLeman Yogyakarta and the interview results from an eleventh grade English teacher. 7 Evaluating Materials The researcher adopts the eighth step of Kemp’s models and the seventh step of Yalden’s. It is a need to observe whether the designed materials best facilitate the learning. To do this, the researcher will distribute a questionnaire to three English teachers of SMKN 2 Depok Sleman Yogyakarta and 2 lecturers of English Education Study Program of Sanata Dharma University. 8 Revising Materials The last step of the study is taken from both Kemp’s and Yalden’s models. The researcher expects to gain opinion, suggestion, and criticisms on the proposed material object to a revision. Those are used to review the learning objectives, subject contents, and teaching learning activities and materials in order to be best suitable to achieve the goal of the program. Finally, the final version of writing materials incorporating journal writing will be presented for the eleventh grade students of SMKN 2 Depok Sleman Yogyakarta. Those eight steps can be clearly drawn in figure 4. Figure 2.4. The Writer’s Framework adapted form Kemp’s and Yalden’s Instructional Design Models Conducting a need survey Determining goals, topics, and materials Specifying Learning Objectives Listing subject contents Selecting Teaching Learning Activities and Materials Designing Materials Evaluating the Designed Materials Revising Materials 40

CHAPTER III METHODOLOGY

In This chapter, there are six sections of discussion. The discussions are about research method, research subject and respondents, which describe method of sampling, research participants, research instruments that describe kinds of instruments, data gathering techniques describing method and techniques used to collect the empirical data, data analysis describing the ways to analyze the findings so as to answer the research problems, and research procedures that describe the illustration of steps in the research.

A. Research Method

As it has been stated in the problem formulation, this research dealt with two major problems to be solved. The first is to find out how is a set of instructional materials incorporating journal writing designed. The second is to present the designed set of instructional writing materials incorporating journal writing. To solve those problems, the researcher used Education Research and Development RD method in conducting the research. This method was used to help the researcher to develop the product based on the finding through the analysis, to test the materials whether it was relevant to the target situation or not and then to revise it in order to have most appropriate materials which can best facilitating the learners. PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI