17
4 Palato-alveolar Affricates [
tʃ,d ʒ]
According to Indriani 2001, based on the place of the articulation [tʃ] and [d
ʒ] sounds are called palato-alveolar because to produce these sounds, the blade, or the tip and blade, of the tongue articulate with the alveolar ridge and there is at
the same time a raising of the front of the tongue towards the hard palate p. 9. For example, choice [tʃ
ᴐɪs], cheap [tʃi:p], joke [d ʒəʊk], and subject [səbdʒekt]. In
addition, Fromkin, Rodman, and Hyams 2003 state that based on the manner of the articulation, [tʃ] and [d
ʒ] include as affricates sounds bacause these sounds are produced by a stop closure followed immediately by a gradual release of the
closure that produces an effect characteristic of a fricative p. 248.
5 Labio-dental Fricatives [
f,v]
According to Fromkin, Rodman, and Hyams 2003, [f] and [v] sounds are called labiodentals in which to produce these sounds, we have to use our lips by
touching the bottom lip to the upper teeth. Labio refers to lips and dental refers to teeth p. 242. In addition, he states that based on the manner of the articulation,
these sounds are also called fricatives because to produce these sounds, the airflow is so severely obstructed that it causes friction Fromkin, Rodman, and
Hyams, 2000, p. 248. For example, fine [faɪn], after [ :ft ə], love [lʌv], and above
[ əbʌv].
18
6 Dental Fricatives [
ө,ð]
According to Fromkin
,
Rodman, and Hyams 2003, [ ө] and [ð] sounds are
called interdental because these sounds are formed with insert the tongue tip between the upper and lower teeth and block the airstream and have the air push
through the narrow opening p. 242. In addition, he states that based on the manner of the articultion, these sounds are include as fricatives sounds. It is
because to produce these sounds, the airflow is so severely obstructed that it causes friction Fromkin, Rodman, and Hyams, 2003, p. 248. For example, thin
[
өɪn], healthy [helөi], the [ðə], and with [wɪð].
7 Alveolar Fricatives [
s,z]
According to Fromkin 2000, based on the place of the articulation, alveolar sound such as [s] and [z] are articulated by raising the front part of the
tongue to the alveolar ridge p. 242. In addition, based on the manner of the articultion, these sounds are include as fricatives sounds because to produce these
sounds, the airflow is so severely obstructed that it causes friction Fromkin, Rodman, and Hyams, 2003, p. 248. For example, sing [sɪ
ŋ], ask [ :sk], and does [dʌz].
8 Palato
– alveolar Fricative [ʃ, ʒ]
According to Indriani 2001, based on the place of the articulation [ʃ] and [
ʒ] sounds are called palato-alveolar because to produce these sounds, the blade, or the tip and blade, of the tongue articulate with the alveolar ridge and there is at
