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6 Dental Fricatives [
ө,ð]
According to Fromkin
,
Rodman, and Hyams 2003, [ ө] and [ð] sounds are
called interdental because these sounds are formed with insert the tongue tip between the upper and lower teeth and block the airstream and have the air push
through the narrow opening p. 242. In addition, he states that based on the manner of the articultion, these sounds are include as fricatives sounds. It is
because to produce these sounds, the airflow is so severely obstructed that it causes friction Fromkin, Rodman, and Hyams, 2003, p. 248. For example, thin
[
өɪn], healthy [helөi], the [ðə], and with [wɪð].
7 Alveolar Fricatives [
s,z]
According to Fromkin 2000, based on the place of the articulation, alveolar sound such as [s] and [z] are articulated by raising the front part of the
tongue to the alveolar ridge p. 242. In addition, based on the manner of the articultion, these sounds are include as fricatives sounds because to produce these
sounds, the airflow is so severely obstructed that it causes friction Fromkin, Rodman, and Hyams, 2003, p. 248. For example, sing [sɪ
ŋ], ask [ :sk], and does [dʌz].
8 Palato
– alveolar Fricative [ʃ, ʒ]
According to Indriani 2001, based on the place of the articulation [ʃ] and [
ʒ] sounds are called palato-alveolar because to produce these sounds, the blade, or the tip and blade, of the tongue articulate with the alveolar ridge and there is at
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the same time a raising of the front of the tongue towards the hard palate p. 9. In addition, Fromkin, Rodman, and Hyams 2003 state that based on the manner of
the articultion, these sounds include as fricative sounds because to produce these sounds, the airflow is so severely obstructed that it causes friction Fromkin,
Rodman, and Hyams, 2003, p. 248. For example, shop [ʃ p], she [ʃi], and vision
[vɪʒn]. 9
Glottal Fricatives [ h]
Based on the place of the articulation, the [h] sound includes as glottal sound which is produced when the glottal is open and no other modification of the
air stream mechanisms occurs in the mouth Fromkin, Rodman, and Hyams, 2003, p. 243. In addition Fromkin, Rodman, and Hyams 2003 state that [h] sound
include as a fricative sound because to produce this sound, the airflow is so severely obstructed that it causes friction Fromkin, Rodman, and Hyams, 2003, p.
248. For example, house [haʊs], who [hu:], and hair [he
ə].
10 Bilabial Nasal [
m]
Fromkin, Rodman, and Hyams 2003 explain that [m] sound is one of the bilabial sounds because this sound is produced by bringing both lips together p.
242. Meanwhile, based on the manner of the articulation [m] sound includes as a nasal sound. It is because when this sound is produced the velum is not in its
raised position, the air escapes through the nose and the mouth Fromkin,
