when [ əʊ] sound is produced, the tongue glide begins at a central

31

B. Theoretical Framework

In this research, many of the University students of English Language Study Program experience the process of sound change in learning English. As they are also going to be the next English teachers, this research is intended to find out the phenomena of sound change that occurred in the pronunciation of the students of the English Department. The first problem formulation is to find out the types of English sound change of the students of ELESP whose first language is Papua-Malay dialect. To answer the first research problem, the researcher uses the sound change theory by Crowley 1992. He classifies types of sound change into nine catogories. They are lenition and fortition, sound addition, metathesis, fusion, unpacking, vowel breaking, assimilation, dissimilation, and abnormal sound changes. Second problem formulation is to see the distribution of the sound change among the students. What types of sound change that frequently occured in the students ’ pronunciation. 32

CHAPTER III RESEARCH METHODOLOGY

This chapter will discuss the method of this research, the setting and participants involved, and the instruments for the data collection, data analysis technique, and the research procedure. This will explain clearly how the research was conducted.

A. Research Method

This study has two research aims. First, it attempts to describe the phenomena of sound change that happen in the students’ pronunciation. Second, it seeks the result of the distribution of the sound change. This research used mixed method research or a combination of qualitative and quantitative method, approaches, or concepts. According to Johnson and Christensen 2011 the qualitative and quantitative parts of a research study might be conducted sequentially conducting one part first and the other second to address a research question or a set of related questions p. 51. In addition, Ary, Jacobs, and Sorensen, and Razavieh 2010 stated that there are many types of qualitative research including bacis interpretative studies, case studies, document or content analysis, ethnography, grounded theory, historical studies, narrative inquiry, and phenomenological studies p. 29. In this research, the researcher used the basic interpretative study. Basic interpretative study is a type of qualitative research which provides descriptive accounts targeted to understanding a phenomenon using data that might be collected in a variety of ways such as interviews, observations, and document review. 33 Answering the first research question, the researcher used descriptive qualitative because it dealt with data that were discussed in the form of words. According to Seliger and Shohamy 1989, descriptive research concerns with providing descriptions on phenomena that occur naturally without the intervention of an experiment or an artificially contrived treatment p.116. This method was chosen because this research tried to describe the phenomena of the sound change that occured in the pronunciation of the students of the English Department in Sorong, West Papua. The data collected in this research were the students pronunciation. The researcher recorded the students pronunciation by giving them text to read. The researcher analyzed the recording of the students pronunciation and transcribed the students pronunciation into the phonetic transcription. The data was analyzed by first comparing the phonetic transcription of the students pronunciation with the phonetic transcription of Pronunciation Longman Dictionary 2008 and Oxford Advanced Learners Dictionary 2000. After comparing the phonetic transcription, the researcher analyzed the process of the sound change that occurred in the students pronunciation. After finding the sound change that occurred in the students pronunciation, the researcher analyzed the phenomena that occurred on the students sound change by using the sound change theory by Crowley 1992. Answering the second problem formulation, the researcher used descriptive statistics to analyzed the data. Descriptive statistics attempts the researher to convey the essential characteristics of the data by arranging the data into a more interpretable form e.g., by forming frequency distributions and generating graphical displays. The researcher made a list of the types of English sound change that occured in the students’