52
Crowley 1992, p. 53 explains that palatalization is a change of a non palatal sound i.e. a dental, an alveolar, a velar, and so on becomes a palatal
sound, usually before a front vowel such as [i] or [e], or before the semi-vowel [j]. This perfectly found in the word pronounciation [pr
ənʌnsɪeɪʃn] [pronʌnʃeʃ
ən]. The sound [s] which is an alveolar sound was changed into [ʃ] sound which is a palatal sound even both of them are voiceless.
The second assimilation was final devoicing where sounds at the end of a word were often changed from being voiced into voiceless. In this research, there
were three cases happened. They were the change of alveolar fricative [z] into [s], alveolar stop[d] into [t], and labiodental fricative [v] into [f]. Yulia and Ena
2004 state that this changes happened because Indonesian English learners do not perceive the two voiced and voiceless sounds as distinct sound that makes a
difference to meaning.
7. Abnormal Sound Change
There are numerous examples of sound changes in languages that wold appear, at first glance, to be abnormal
– in the sense that they do not obviously fit into any of the categories that have mentioned before Crowley, 1992, p. 57.
Based in this statement, the researcher found fourteen cases of abnormal sound
Have [hæv]
[hæv] [hef]
Is [ɪz]
[ɪz] [i:s]
Need [ni:d]
[ni:d] [ni:t]
Speakers [spi:k
ə ʳz]
[spi:k ə
ʳz] [spi:k
ə ʳs]
Good [gʊd]
[gʊd] [gʊt]
53
change that happened in twenty-three English words. They were illustrated on the table 4.8 below.
Table 4.8 The Words Classified as Abnormal Sound Change
Table 4.8 shows that there were nine categories of abnormal sound change found by the researcher which can be divided further into fourteen different
cases.. The categories were the addition of consonant in the middle of two separate vowels, abnormal which refers to a wierd way of sound change, syllable
Types of Sound Change Words
Oxford Dictionary
Longman Dictionary
Students’ Pronunciation
Consonant addition Carefully
[ke əfuli:]
[ke əfuli:]
[kerɪfu:li] abnormal
Change [ʧeɪnʤ]
[ʧeɪnʤ] [ʧe
ŋs] Changed
[ʧeɪnʤd] [ʧeɪnʤd]
[ʧe ŋs]
Syllable reduction Influences
[ɪnflʊ ənsɪz]
[ɪnflʊ ənsɪz]
[ɪnflu əns]
Reported [rɪpɔ:
ʳtɪd] [rɪpɔ:
ʳtɪd] [rɪpo
ʳt] Palatal
to Alveolar
Fricative, Voiceless
ʃ to s English
[ɪ ŋglɪʃ]
[ɪ ŋglɪʃ]
[ɪ ŋlɪs]
French [frenʧ]
[frenʧ] [frens]
Issue [ɪʃu:]
[ɪʃu:] [isu:]
Spanish [spænɪʃ]
[spænɪʃ] [spenɪs]
ʤ to d Individuals
[ɪndɪvɪʤʊ əlz]
[ɪndɪvɪʤʊ əlz]
[ɪndɪvɪdʊal] Interdental to
Alveolar Fricative to
Stop ð to d
Voiced Their
[ðe ə
ʳ] [ðe
ə ʳ]
[deɪ ʳ]
This [ðɪs]
[ðɪs] [dɪs]
They [ðeɪ]
[ðeɪ] [deɪ]
That [ð
ət] [ð
ət] [det]
Low to Mid a to e
France [fra:nts]
[fra:nts] [frens]
Manage [mænɪʤ]
[mænɪʤ] [meneʤ]
Path [pa:θ]
[pa:θ] [pet]
Spanish [spænɪʃ]
[spænɪʃ] [spenɪs]
a to o sound
[saʊnd] [saʊnd]
[soʊn] High to Mid
ɪ to e Exposure
[ɪkspɔ: ʒəʳ]
[ɪkspɔ: ʒəʳ]
[eksposju:r] Manage
[mænɪʤ] [mænɪʤ]
[meneʤ] Telephone
[telɪf əʊn]
[telɪf əʊn]
[telepon] Theories
[θɪərɪz] [θɪərɪz]
[teorɪz]
Lax to Tense ɪ to e
Exposure [ɪkspɔ:
ʒəʳ] [ɪkspɔ:
ʒəʳ] [eksposju:r]
Manage [mænɪʤ]
[mænɪʤ] [meneʤ]
Telephone [telɪf
əʊn] [telɪf
əʊn] [telepon]
Theories [θɪərɪz]
[θɪərɪz] [teorɪz]
ɪ to i: If
[ɪf] [ɪf]
[i:f] Is
[ɪz] [ɪz]
[i:s] Back to Front
a to e France
[fra:nts] [fra:nts]
[frens] Path
[pa:θ] [pa:θ]
[pet] Spanish
[spænɪʃ] [spænɪʃ]
[spenɪs]
54
addition at the end of words, the changing of palatal to alveolar consonants, the changing of interdental to alveolar consonant, the changing of low to mid vowel,
the changing of high to mid vowel, the changing of lax to tense vowel, and the changing of back to front vowel.
First, consonant addition as happened in the word carefully [ke
əfuli:] [kerɪfu:li]. There was the addition of alveolar liquid retroflex [r] sound in the
middle of the word. This happened because the participants were influenced by the Indonesian spelling. For example, the word carefully was pronounced as
[kerɪfu:li] as the spelling indicate. Moreover, every syllable were being stressed resulting the [r] sound occured in the middle of the two vowels.
Second, abnormal change of the word happened in these two words change and changed. The researcher found unusual changing of sounds in the end
of the word. For example, change [ʧeɪnʤ] became [ʧe ŋs] and changed [ʧeɪnʤd]
became [ʧe ŋs]. There were a lot of sounds ommited and changed with unrelated
sound. Yulia and Ena 2004 mention that phonemes occuring in unfamiliar combinations is also problematic. It deals with how the phonemes are strung
together to form a syllable, such as permissible consonant cluster.
Third, syllable reduction at the end of the word. The word influences was
pronounced instead of [ɪnflʊ
ənsɪz], and the word reported was pronounced
[rɪpo ʳt] instead of [rɪpɔ:ʳtɪd].
Yulia and Ena 2004 said that some other errors are attributed to inapropriate analogy. For instance, participants pronounced
