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3. Negative Transfer
In the process of transfering language from source language to the target language, an individual will experience either positive of negative transfer. According to
Wilkins 1992, the transfer may prove unjustified because the structure of the two languages are different
– in that case we get “negative transfer” or “interference” p. 199
4. English Sound Change
Sound change is a change in the way members of a speech community pronounce particular sounds. Sound changes result in phonological changes
Fasold and Linton 2006, p. 285. In this research, sound change refers to the change of the sounds produced by some English department students as the
speech community with the background mother tongue is Papua-Malay Dialect.
5. Papua-Malay Dialect
Papuan Malay is a Malay –based language spoken in the Western part of
Papuan Island, Indonesia. It is one of the Austronesia languages of New Guinea Foley, 1976. In the past, it was a pidgin used as a lingua franca along the coastal
areas, where there was a lot of trade between the people from the island and seafaring Malay traders from the west Roosman, 1982, p. 95. During the time
the island was a colony of the Netherlands, it was used by missionaries to spread the Scriptures of God among Papuan people, especially among those living in the
coastal areas in the North. It was at the time also enforced through education and administration Adelaar and Prentice 1996. At this moment, Papuan Malay
becomes the mother tongue of the younger generations of the Papuan, as well as of other ethnical groups living in Papua Saragih n. d.
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CHAPTER II REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE
This chapter aims to discuss the fundamental theories related to this research. There are two elements discussed in this chapter; the theoretical
description and the theoretical framework.
A. Theoretical Description
The theoretical description involves the discussion about language change,
English sound change, and English sound production. 1.
Language Change
All physical aspects of the universe and all aspects of human life are subject to change, and languages are no exception Schendl 2001, p. 3. Language
changes also because they are used by human beings not machines. Human being shared common physiological and cognitive characteristics, but members of a
speech community differ slightly in their knowledge and use of their shared language Fasold and Linton 2006, p. 277. Different regions, social classes and
even generations will create a different use of a language. Moreover, Croft 2000, p. 1 also says that language change is a historical phenomenon, which becomes a
thing to be dealt with historical linguistics. Historical linguistics is sometimes called diachronic linguistics which is more concerned with changes in languages
over time and synchronic linguistics that deals with languages at a single period of time Campbell 2004, p. 4. This research used a synchronic perspective as it was
conducted to describe the actual pronunciation of present-day English spoken in a
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