The preparation step. Here, the researcher asked for permission to the

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A. The Types of English Sound Change of ELESP Students of Victory

University whose First Language is Papua-Malay Dialect This first section focuses on the types of the English sound change made by the English Language Education Study Program students of Victory University whose first language is Papua-Malay dialect. To analyze the sound change, the researcher used the theory of Crowley 1992. Based on the nine types of sound change, the researcher only found seven types of the sound change occured in the students’ pronunciation. They were lenition and fortition, sound addition, fusion, unpacking, vowel breaking, assimilation, and abnormal changes.

1. Lenition and Fortition

The first kind of sound change discussed in this part is lenition. Lenition refers to the weakening of sound such as devoicing and changes from stronger sounds to the weaker ones. On the contrary, fortition refers to sound changes from weaker to stronger sounds, such as semi-vowels into consonants. Another common kind of sound change that takes place in languages is the loss of one or more sounds. The weakest a sound can be is not to exist at all Crowley 1992. This can be viewed as an extreme case of Lenition which includes Aphaeresis or the loss of initial consonant, apocope or the loss of final vowels, Syncope or the loss of vowels in the middle of words, Cluster Reduction which refers to deletion of one or more consonants, and Haplology or the loss of an entire syllable in a word. Crowley, 1992, p. 39-43. Goes from the definition above, the researcher found that there were some English words that classified as Lenition sound 40 change in the participants’ pronunciation. They are presented in the table 4.1 below. Table 4.1 The Words Classified as Lenition Types of Sound Change Words Oxford Dictionary Longman Dictionary Students’ Pronunciation L eni ti on We ak eni n g soun d Accurate [ækj ərət] [ækj ərət] [ əkʊrət] Common [kɒm ən] [kɒm ən] [kʌmon] Example [ɪgza:mpl] [ɪgza:mpl] [eksʌmpl] Desire [dɪzaɪ ə ʳ] [dɪzaɪ ə ʳ] [dɪsa ər] Path [pa:θ] [pa:θ] [pet] Theories [θɪərɪz] [θɪərɪz] [teorɪz] Telephone [telɪf əʊn] [telɪf əʊn] [telepon] Without [wɪðaʊt] [wɪðaʊt] [witaʊt] Syncope Applied [ əplaɪd] [ əplaɪd] [ əplɪd] Appears [ əpɪə ʳz] [ əpɪə ʳz] [ əpərs] Cases [keɪsɪz] [keɪsɪz] [kesɪz] Combination [kɒmbɪneɪʃn] [kɒmbɪneɪʃn] [kombineʃn] Desire [dɪzaɪ ə ʳ] [dɪzaɪ ə ʳ] [dɪsa ər] Information [ɪnf əmeɪʃn] [ɪnf əmeɪʃn] [info ʳmeʃn] Identify [aɪdentɪfaɪ] [aɪdentɪfaɪ] [ɪdentɪfaɪ] Native [neɪtɪv] [neɪtɪv] [netɪv] Pronunciation [pr ənʌnsɪeɪʃn ] [pr ənʌnsɪeɪʃn] [pronʌnʃeʃ ən] C lust er R educ ti on Can’t [kʌnt] [kʌnt] [ken] Don’t [d əʊnt] [d əʊnt] [don] English [ɪ ŋglɪʃ] [ɪ ŋglɪʃ] [ɪ ŋlɪs] First [fɜ:st] [fɜ:st] [f ə ʳs] France [fra:nts] [fra:nts] [frens] Just [ʤʌst] [ʤʌst] [ʤʌs] Language [læ ŋgwɪʤ] [læ ŋgwɪʤ] [le ŋwɪʤ] Linguists [lɪ ŋgwɪsts] [lɪ ŋgwɪsts] [lɪ ŋwɪts] Mastered [ma:st ə ʳd] [ma:st ə ʳd] [mast ər] Most [m əʊst] [m əʊst] [mos] Won’t [w əʊnt] [w əʊnt] [won] Sound [saʊnd] [saʊnd] [soʊn] Second [sek ənd] [sek ənd] [sek ən]