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pronunciation and summarized it in a table to show the distribution of each sound change type.
B. Research Setting
This study was conducted in Victory University, Sorong West-Papua. The data was collected from the students at the speaking and reading classes of the 4
st
semester students of English Language Education Study Program of Victory University.
C. Research Participant
The participants in this research were the 4th semester students from the English Language Education Study Program of Victory University who were born and raised
within Papua-Malay language. The reason of choosing this group is because they are going to be English teachers and they are still influenced by the mother tongue as they live within
the Papua-Malay environment.
D. Research Instruments and Data Gathering Techniques
In order to collect the data to be analyzed, the writer observed and recorded the pronunciation produced by the students in the classroom of speaking and reading class.
The students also were given a piece of paper containing some reading passages. After recorded, the data will be summarized into this table.
Table 3.1 The Phonetic Transcription of Students ’ Pronunciation.
Words The phonetic transcription of students
’ pronunciation
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E. Data Analysis
After gaining the data from the recording, the researcher provides three steps in analysing the data. First, after transcribing the recording of the participants’ pronunciation,
the researcher compares the phonetic transcription of their pronunciation with the correct phonetic transcription based on Longman Pronunciation Dictionary 2008 and Oxford
Advanced Learners Dictionary 2000. The researcher uses the table below.
Table 3.2 Comparing the phonetic transcription.
Words Phonetic transcription
Oxford Dictionary Longman Dictionary
Students’ pronunciation
Second, to answer the first research problems, the researcher analyses the English sound change phenomena that occurred by using the theory of English sound changes from
Crowley 1992. The researcher uses the table below.
Table 3.3 The types of English sound changes by Crowley 1992.
Words Students
’ pronunciation
L eni
ti on an
d
fort it
ion
Sou nd
add it
ion
Me ta
the si
s Fu
si on
U np
acki ng
V ow
el break
ing
A ss
im il
at ion
D iss
im il
a ti
on
A bn
orm a
l sound changes
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Afterwards, to answer the second research problems, the researcher makes a list of the distributions of sound change that occurred in the students
’ pronunciation by using the table below.
Table 3.4 The distributions of sound change that occurred in the students’ pronunciation
The type of sound change Frequency
Percentage
Lenition and Fortition Sound addition
Metathesis Fusion
Unpacking Vowel breaking
Assimilation Dissimilation
Abnormal sound changes
F. Research Procedure
In this study, the researcher used two steps of data analyzing. First one is by comparing the actual pronunciation with the standard one from the English Pronunciation
Dictionary and the second one is by classifying and analyzing the sound change based on the theory of sound change by Crowley 1992. This research was conducted in five steps.
The procedures of the analysis were:
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