z] English Sound Production

20 Rodman, and Hyams, 2003, p. 246. For example, miss [mɪs], maybe [meɪbi], and simple [sɪmpl]. 11 Alveolar Nasal [ n] According to Fromkin , Rodman, and Hyams 2003, based on the place of the articulation, the [n] sound is an alveolar sound which is articulated by raising the front part of the tongue to the alveolar ridge p. 242. Meanwhile, based on the manner of the articulation, this sound includes as a nasal sound because when this sound is produced the velum is not in its raised position, the air escapes through the nose and the mouth Fromkin, Rodman, and Hyams, 2000, p. 246. For example, no [n əʊ], month [mʌnө], coin [kᴐɪn], none [nʌn]. 12 Velar Nasal [ ŋ] Fromkin, Rodman, and Hyams 2003 state that based on the place of the articulation, the [ ŋ] sound is a velar sound in which this sound is produced by raising the back of the tongue to the soft palate or velum p. 243. Meanwhile, based on the manner of the articulation, [ ŋ] sound is a nasal sound in which when this sound is produced the velum is not in its raised position, the air escapes through the nose and the mouth Fromkin, Rodman, and Hyams, 2003, p. 246. For example, uncle [ʌ ŋkl], thing [өɪŋ], link [lɪŋk], single [sɪŋgl]. 13 Alveolar Lateral [ l] According to Fromkin, Rodman, and Hyams 2003, based on the place of the articulation, the [n] sound is an alveolar sound which is articulated by raising 21 the front part of the tongue to the alveolar ridge p. 242. Furthermore, Indriani 2001 state that based on the manner of the articulation, [l] sound include as lateral sound in which to produce this sound, a partial closure is made at some point in the mouth, the airstream being allowed to escape on one or both sides of the contact p. 10. For example, leave [li:v], allow [ əlaʊ], will [wɪl], and call [k ᴐ:l]. 14 Post- alveolar Roll [ r] Based on the place of the articulation, Indriani 2001 classifies the [r] sound as a post-alveolar sound which is produced when the tip and rims of the tongue articulate with the rear part of the alveolar ridge p. 9. Meanwhile, based on the manner of the articulation, the [r] sound includes as a roll sound in which in pronouncing this sound, there is a series of rapid intermittent closures or taps made by a flexible organ on a firmer surface, or the tongue tip taps against the alveolar ridge Indriani, 2001, p. 10. For example, read [ri:d], sorry [s ri], and library [laɪbr əri]. 15 Palatal Semi-vowel [ j] Based on the place of the articulation, Fromkin, Rodman, and Hyams 2003 state the [j] sound is a palatal sound in which it is produced by raising the blade of the tongue toward the hard palatal just behind the alveolar ridge p. 243. Meanwhile, based on the manner of the articulation, the [j] sound is also a semi- vowel or glide sound in which it is produced with little or no obstruction of the 22 airstream in the mouth Fromkin, Rodman, and Hyams, 2003, p. 250. For example, yesterday [jest ədeɪ], university [junɪv :sɪti], year [jɪə], new [nju:]. 16 Bilabial Semi Vowel [w] According to Fromkin, Rodman, and Hyams 2003, based on the place of the articulation, [w] sound is articulated by bringing both lips together which is called bilabial p. 242. Meanwhile, based on the manner of the articulation, the [w] sound is also a semi-vowel or glide sound in which it is produced with little or no obstruction of the airstream in the mouth Fromkin, Rodman, and Hyams, 2003, p. 250. For example, which [wɪtʃ], twelve [twelv], water [w ᴐ:tə], and away [ əweɪ]. Moreover, English sound system allows some clusters of consonants or knows as consonant cluster. According to Collins and Mees 2003, consonant cluster is a sequence of consonant at the margin of a syllable p.72. It means that in one syllable can consist of two up to five consonants. Clusters may occur in the beginning, middle and final of a word. In the beginning of a word as in words draw [dr ᴐ:] CC V C with two consonants or scream [skri:m] CCC V C with three consonants. In the middle of a word as in words lifting [lɪftɪ ŋ] C V CC V CC with two consonants or complete [k əmpli:t] C V CCC V C V with three consonants. In the final of a word as in words desks [desks] C V CCC with three consonants or self [self] C V CC with two consonants. 23

b. Vowel

Jones 1987 states that an English vowel in normal speech is defined as a voiced sound in forming which the air issues in a continuous stream through the pharynx and mouth, there being no obstruction and no narrowing such as would cause audible friction. Moreover, Fromkin, Rodman, and Hyams 2003 mentioned that the quality of a vowel depends on the configuration of the vocal tract during its production. In addition, the difference in the position of the tongue is the primary cause of the difference of the various vowel sounds. Figure 2.2 shows the promary cardinal vowel in English. Fig 2.2 The Primary Cardinal Vowel Indriani, 2001, p. 13 According to Fromkin 2000, the term front, central, and back refer to parts of the tongue raised p. 227-229. Then, the term high, mid and low refer to the difference in the tongue height p. 228. In addition, the lips’ position in

u: ʊ

: ʌ æ ə ː I e i: ɔ ː FRONT CENTRAL BACK Close HIGH Half close MID Half open LOW open 24 unrounded vowels is in a neutral position or they are spread out to press againts the face. Meanwhile, rounded vowels have lips pulled close together and pushed out from the face. In the following part, it would be presented the articulatory description of each vowel. 1 High Front Unrounded Vowels [ i:] and [ɪ] [i:] and [ɪ] are high front unrounded vowels. [i:] sound is produced when the front of the tongue is raised to a height slightly below and behind the close front position; the lips are spread; the tongue is tense, with the side rims making a firm contact with the upper molars Indriani, 2005, p. 57. For example, tea [ti:] keen [ki:n], seed [si:d], and tree [tri:]. On the other hand, [ɪ] sound is pronounced with a part of the tongue nearer to centre than to front raised just above the half- close position; the lips are loosely spread; the tongue is lax with the side rims making a light contact with the upper molars Indriani 2005, p. 59. For example, sit [sɪt], rich [rɪtʃ], and pit [pɪt]. 2 Mid Front Unrounded Vowel [e] This sound is produced when the front of the tongue is raised between the half-open and half-close positions; the lips are loosely spread and are slightly wider apart than for [ɪ], the tongue may have more tension than in the case of [ɪ], the side rims making a light contact with the upper molars Indriani 2005, p. 60. For example, set [set] went [went] and hen [hen]. 25 3 Low Front Unrounded Vowel [