Environmental impacts Underlying causes

138 Table 6. Economic measures of some forest restoration techniques and approaches Restoration technique or approach 1. Plantation or tree farm of Bagras, Falcata and Acacia mangium 2. Agroforestry with Sloping Agricultural Land Technology a combination of 40 agri-crops, 40 livestock, 20 forestry in 1 ha 3. Agroforestry with Sloping Agricultural Land Technology 40 agri-crop, 60 forestry: food-wood intercropping in a 2-ha plot 4. Standard reforestation and ANR for steep areas of watersheds, grasslands, strict protection zones of PAs and other restoration rehabilitation efforts for environmentalecological purposes 5. Pineapple-based agroforestry 6. Coffee-based agroforestry 7. Fruit trees with minor forest species rattan, bamboo 8. Restoration and management of mangrove forest Economic or financial measure, cost per unit •฀ IRR of 41, 23, 22, respectively •฀ ROI of 38.71 – agro-livestock production fuelwood, cash crops, livestock and forage •฀ ROI of 8 •฀ 3-year costha of reforestation and ANR is US1 048 and US579 respectively •฀ ANR is only 55 of the cost of standard reforestation •฀ Highly profitable at the HH level when covered with marketing agreement and support from a private sector company •฀ Includes technical support and guidance to farmers from LGUs and the DENR •฀ Highly profitable at the HH level when covered with a marketing agreement and support from a private sector company •฀ Includes technical support and guidance to farmers from LGUs and the DENR •฀ Financial IRR of 12.6 •฀ 1 ha of restored and managed mangroves in Central Visayas provides US500 to US1 550 per year from fisheries and wood production Sourceremark •฀ ERDB 2012 •฀ IIRR 1992 •฀ Minimizes soil erosion, improves soil fertility and generates household HH income •฀ IIRR 1992 •฀ Minimizes soil erosion, improves soil fertility and generates HH income •฀ Bagong Pagasa Foundation 2011 •฀ ANR will enable savings for the government of at least 45 compared with the total cost of reforestation. This is huge savings for the government and will allow more areas to be restored •฀ EcoGov 2 Project 2011 •฀ EcoGov 2 Project 2011 •฀ Sison 1999 •฀ FISH 2007 139 5. Case study This section provides the details of forest restoration as a result of joint DENR-LGU assistance and support to communities and under a co-management agreement between the DENR-LGU to undertake rehabilitation activities in highly degraded areas. 5.1 Case study: Bayawan City, Negros Oriental, Philippines – co-management of forest lands to address deforestation Bayawan City in 2010 population approximately 100 300 was 90 percent forested in 1970, but less than 4 percent 2 397 of 60 908 ha remained in 2004 Baterna 2012. Massive deforestation in Bayawan began in earnest in 1979 when the government stopped all commercial logging operations in the province Negros Oriental. When the loggers departed, they left a network of logging roads that facilitated the slash-and-burn activities of displaced forest workers and the influx of migrant settlers. By 1987 practically all of Bayawan’s dipterocarp forests were gone; but displaced logging workers from neighbouring towns, including insurgency evacuees from Negros Occidental kept arriving to carve out their farms and new settlements. As the upland settlements grew, the old and muddy logging roads were repaired by the municipal and provincial governments. By 1984, with the completion of the highway to facilitate commerce between Negros Oriental and Negros Occidental, agriculturalization of the forest lands took place. Today, 82 percent of Bayawan’s forest lands are already under agricultural use. The government through the DENR allocates forest lands to various qualified user-managers. Current policies allow five allocation categories: 1 allocation for communities, through peoples’ organizations POs or cooperatives, 2 allocation for private individuals or business groups, 3 allocation for other government agencies, e.g. the Philippine National Oil Company, military and educational reserves, 4 allocation by the government for public goods set asides, e.g. areas under NIPAS and 5 allocation for LGUs. The DENR issues 25-year renewable tenure instruments for the various allocation types. Mere allocation, however, does not result in improved forest management. In Bayawan, allocated forest lands comprise only 29 percent approximately 5 811 ha of the 20 245 ha of forest lands. An assessment of the allocated areas made in 2003 during preparation of the municipal forest land-use plan found that tenured lands were not managed. Those under Certificate of Stewardship Contract, CBFMAs and CADCs were mismanaged, indicating the inability of local communities to provide the necessary resources and capacity to put their allocations under improved management. Several farmers leased their lots to other parties; others sold their land rights. All other areas approximately 14 434 ha which are mostly settlements and croplands were without tenure. In effect, 95 percent of Bayawan’s forest lands were under open access conditions. In 2003 the City Government did not have the capacity to perform its forest management responsibilities. The City Environment and Natural Resources Office did not have personnel to implement forest management. The DA and the City Agriculturist were concerned with maintaining agricultural productivity but they did not have programmes, personnel or expertise in soil and water conservation. The DENR, which is the primary agency concerned with forestry, has inadequate personnel. Overall, there was no systematic forest land management effort, and forest laws and enforcement had not stopped the deforestation and the ongoing encroachment of remaining stands. But in 2004 Bayawan completed its municipal FLUP following issuance in 2003 of DENR-DILG Joint Memorandum Circular No. 2003-01. JMC 2003-01 encouraged local governments to prepare their municipal FLUP. Technical assistance was provided under the USAID-assisted Philippine Environmental Governance EcoGov Project in close collaboration with the DENR. Bayawan’s FLUP was approved when it entered into a Co-Management Agreement with the DENR covering the municipality’s untenured forest lands. It also signed a Joint FLUP Implementation Agreement with the DENR covering the entire forest lands of the municipality. Subsequently, Bayawan created a fully-staffed Forest Management Unit and tasked it to implement the FLUP. The priority projects that were implemented included: 1 Bayawan Riverbank Rehabilitation and Management Project: Started in the second half of 2004, the project aimed to stabilize around 170 km of Bayawan riverbank by establishing at least a 5-m-wide vegetative corridor through planting of forestagroforestry tree crops along the 20-m width of strip inland. 2 Danapa Watershed Project: In 2005 Bayawan spent about US360 000 for the purchase and rehabilitation of 234 ha within the Danapa subwatershed to secure the future potable water supply of Bayawan City. To date around 220 ha are already developed using madre de cacao, mahogany and mangium. Enrichment plantings consist of banana, coffee, coconut, jatropa for agroforestry and rattan. Endemic species grow on the steep slopes. 3 Establishment of water production areas WPAs: WPAs were intended to rehabilitate traditional water springs. The identification and establishment of WPAs started in 2005 through a participatory process initiated by the forest management unit FMU. The formulation of barangay village ordinance in each participating barangay to support the implementation of agreed land-use regulations was approved by the barangay councils in 2006. Since the start of implementation in 2005 around 435 ha from the 19 barangays implementing WPAs have been developed using madre