Demand on woodfuel forest landscape restoration for asia pacific forests 2016 04 eng
5.1 History of initiatives, strategies and techniques
5.1.1 Plantation establishment
Establishment of forest plantations has been seen as the main remedy to restore forest cover in the country. Plantations for commercial purposes, local and industrial use and watershed protection have been encouraged to fulfill domestic requirement, exports and environmental preservation. Compensatory plantations to enrich existing natural forests were initiated as early as the late 1850s. In the early 1970s, mass planting schemes were chosen due to the rapid rate of natural forest degradation and deforestation. The Myanmar Forest Policy, 1995 also encourages forest plantations in order to supply local and industrial use as well as to improve the natural environment. Four main types of plantations are classified by MOECAF – commercial, local supply, industrial and watershed. Under MOECAF, both the Forest Department and the DZGD are responsible for establishing them. The Forest Department has established all four major types of plantations but the DZGD has concentrated on establishment of local supply and watershed environmental conservation and restoration plantations in the Central dry zone. Forest plantation areas by types in 2000, 2005 and 2012 are shown in Table 7. Table 7. Forest plantations in Myanmar by year and type Sources: FAO 2010a; MOECAF 2012. Establishment of all four types of plantations has gradually increased over time. Commercial plantations mostly teak constitute the highest share, up to 48 percent of total plantations established in the country. Local supply plantations mostly village fuelwood plantations stand second at 25 percent, followed by watershed environmental conservation and restoration plantations and industrial plantations such as eucalyptus plantation for pulp and paper. Currently, MOECAF has a target to establish around 10 000 ha of forest plantations annually. In addition, although no target has been set, an estimated 8 000 ha of privately-owned commercial forest plantations have been established by private companies and an average 2 400 ha of community forest are established by communities every year.5.1.2 Expansion of PFE area
A significant indicator of the state’s commitment to forest restoration and rehabilitation is the increase of PFE area following promulgation of the 1997 Forest Policy. PFE comprises RF, PPF and PAS, which were well protected and conserved under forest law in 1992. The 1995 Forest Policy set the targets of expanding RF to 30 percent of the total land area and setting aside no less than 5 percent of total land area as PAS up to 10 percent in the long term. Figure 3 shows the percentage of PFE area to total land area between 1980 and 2015. Figure 3. PFE area percent to total land area Source: MOECAF 2012. 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015 PFE 30.90 24.13 15 15 Classification Commercial Local supply Industrial use Watershed Total Area ha 371 355 197 209 50 394 77 408 696 366 share 53 29 7 11 100 Area ha 480 534 250 920 72 488 192 270 996 212 share 48 25 7 20 100 Area ha 396 263 254 460 64 581 134 566 849 870 share 46 30 8 16 100 2000 2012 2005Parts
» forest landscape restoration for asia pacific forests 2016 04 eng
» Natural regeneration forest landscape restoration for asia pacific forests 2016 04 eng
» Agroforestry forest landscape restoration for asia pacific forests 2016 04 eng
» Ecological restoration forest landscape restoration for asia pacific forests 2016 04 eng
» China forest landscape restoration for asia pacific forests 2016 04 eng
» Indonesia forest landscape restoration for asia pacific forests 2016 04 eng
» Myanmar forest landscape restoration for asia pacific forests 2016 04 eng
» Nepal forest landscape restoration for asia pacific forests 2016 04 eng
» Philippines forest landscape restoration for asia pacific forests 2016 04 eng
» Thailand forest landscape restoration for asia pacific forests 2016 04 eng
» Principles of CNFM Technical indicators with quantitative options
» Stand Operation Regime The five operational tasks of CNFM
» Commercial forest zone – timber production with no restriction on operation intensity.
» Species consideration for the MFFM plan
» Design of the FDT and operation models
» Brief cases of FLR in other regions
» Tentative results The five operational tasks of CNFM
» Causes of forest degradation
» Direct causes forest landscape restoration for asia pacific forests 2016 04 eng
» Underlying causes and agents of deforestation
» History of initiatives, strategies and techniques
» Major policies influencing rehabilitation initiatives in the New Order Era
» Industrial timber plantations HTI
» State forest rehabilitation programmes implemented by state-owned companies
» The FMU as an FLR approach: Sumbawa, Eastern Indonesia
» Gunungkidul District in Yogyakarta
» Conditions for success Broader socio-economic and political causes
» National strategy for forest and landscape restoration
» Permanent forest estate in 2002
» Forest landownership Broader socio-economic and political causes
» History of deforestation and forest degradation
» Deforestation rate Broader socio-economic and political causes
» Forest degradation Broader socio-economic and political causes
» Current status Broader socio-economic and political causes
» PFE status Broader socio-economic and political causes
» Direct causes Broader socio-economic and political causes
» Overexploitation and illegal logging
» Shifting cultivation forest landscape restoration for asia pacific forests 2016 04 eng
» Expansion of agricultural lands and construction of dams
» Demand on woodfuel forest landscape restoration for asia pacific forests 2016 04 eng
» Settlements and urbanization forest landscape restoration for asia pacific forests 2016 04 eng
» Population growth forest landscape restoration for asia pacific forests 2016 04 eng
» Poverty forest landscape restoration for asia pacific forests 2016 04 eng
» Weak law enforcement forest landscape restoration for asia pacific forests 2016 04 eng
» Conventional forest administration and lack of people’s participation
» Insufficient budget forest landscape restoration for asia pacific forests 2016 04 eng
» Impact on livelihoods No proper all-inclusive land-use policy
» Impact on biodiversity No proper all-inclusive land-use policy
» Impact of forest managementgovernance
» Plantation establishment forest landscape restoration for asia pacific forests 2016 04 eng
» Community forestry development forest landscape restoration for asia pacific forests 2016 04 eng
» Case study: Rehabilitation of Shin-ma-taung Hill in the Central dry zone of Myanmar
» General characteristics forest landscape restoration for asia pacific forests 2016 04 eng
» Deforestation and forest degradation in the area
» Rehabilitation efforts forest landscape restoration for asia pacific forests 2016 04 eng
» Reforming forest policies forest landscape restoration for asia pacific forests 2016 04 eng
» Reconciling global and national policies
» Public awareness forest landscape restoration for asia pacific forests 2016 04 eng
» Monitoring and evaluation forest landscape restoration for asia pacific forests 2016 04 eng
» Financing forest landscape restoration for asia pacific forests 2016 04 eng
» The private sector National budget
» Location and topography National budget
» Land classification National budget
» Forest landownership National budget
» Current status of forest degradation and deforestation
» State of forest degradation and rehabilitation needs
» Forests under non-forest use
» Direct causes National budget
» Underlying causes National budget
» Environmental degradation in Nepal
» Technical approaches Other initiatives to implement forest restoration
» Economic assessment of different possible forest restorationrehabilitation strategies
» Case study: Chautara pine reforestation sites
» Conditions for success Forest restorationrehabilitation strategies
» Policy measures forest landscape restoration for asia pacific forests 2016 04 eng
» National strategy for forest and landscape restoration: the way forward
» Brief overview Economic and market approaches
» Current status of forest degradation
» Economic impacts Underlying causes
» Environmental impacts Underlying causes
» Economic assessment of different forest restoration and rehabilitation techniques and approaches
» Conditions for success Techniques
» Reforms in major policy areas
» Consistency with current national policies
» Consistency with major international commitments
» Causes of forest degradation – direct causes
» Underlying causes Descriptive FLR strategies
» Environmental impact: extreme weather, change in soil resources
» Economic loss Descriptive FLR strategies
» Social consequences Descriptive FLR strategies
» A history of initiatives, strategies and techniques
» Forest area decline Forest restoration measures and methods
» Direct causes Forest restoration measures and methods
» Overharvesting of forests forest landscape restoration for asia pacific forests 2016 04 eng
» Infrastructure development forest landscape restoration for asia pacific forests 2016 04 eng
» Armed conflicts forest landscape restoration for asia pacific forests 2016 04 eng
» Underlying causes Forest fires
» Poverty and high population pressures
» Economic development policies forest landscape restoration for asia pacific forests 2016 04 eng
» Institutional weakness, weak law enforcement and financial deficits
» Conditions for success Finance
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