Financing forest landscape restoration for asia pacific forests 2016 04 eng
1.1 Location and topography
Nepal lies between the arid Tibetan highlands to the north and the Indian foothills of the Himalayas to the south. The country has five development administrative zones and topographically it is divided into three main physiographic zones: the foothills Terai occupy 15 percent of the land area, the mid-hills Shiwaliks 13 percent and the mountains Middle, High, High Himal the rest of the land. Distinct climatic conditions exist which influence the type of vegetation significantly. In fact climate, soil, altitude ranging from 60 to 8 848 m and terrain aspects are the major factors which determine vegetation distribution Bajracharya 1986.1.2 Forest area
Nepal has a land area of 14.7 million ha. Of that forest covers 3.6 million ha 25 percent and other wooded land about 1.9 million ha Table 1; FAO 2010.1.3 Changes in forest cover
According to Nepal’s National Forest Inventory, in the 1960s, over 45 percent of the country used to be covered with forest Table 2. This has since declined to 25 percent currently. The annual rate of change was around -2 percent in the 1990s, it moderated somewhat during 2000-2005 to -1.4 percent, but since then it has stabilized. In the process, the other wooded land or shrubland has continued to rise, from 4.7 percent in the 1970s to 10 percent in the 1990s DFRS 1999; it is now approximately 13 percent FAO 2010. Overall the country has experienced rapid loss of forest cover and degradation, and only in recent years has the situation leveled out. Table 1. Forest area, trends and annual rate of change of forest area x 1 000 ha FAO 2010 Table 2. Forest cover identified by different national forest inventories Sources: LRMP 1986; Bajracharya 1986; DFRS 1999.1.4 Forest to population ratio
During the 1930s, population growth was modest at 1.0 percent but increased to around 2.2 percent in the 1990s. Forest cover declined dramatically with population growth and the decrease had a multiplying effect on the per capita forest area. As of 2011, this was 0.16 ha of forest and 0.06 ha of shrubland per capita. Many independent variables such as the Forest area 3 636 land area 25 Other wooded land 1 897 land area 13 Other land 8 767 Country area 14 718 Forest trends Area 1990 4 817 2010 3 636 2005 3 636 2000 3 900 Annual rate of change 1990-2000 -92 -2.09 2005-2010 0 0 2000-2005 -53 -1.39 Vegetative cover Forest Shrub Total First NFI 19631964 45 - 45 Third NFI 1993199429.0 10.6
39.6 Second NFI 19781979 38 4.7 42.7Parts
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» Natural regeneration forest landscape restoration for asia pacific forests 2016 04 eng
» Agroforestry forest landscape restoration for asia pacific forests 2016 04 eng
» Ecological restoration forest landscape restoration for asia pacific forests 2016 04 eng
» China forest landscape restoration for asia pacific forests 2016 04 eng
» Indonesia forest landscape restoration for asia pacific forests 2016 04 eng
» Myanmar forest landscape restoration for asia pacific forests 2016 04 eng
» Nepal forest landscape restoration for asia pacific forests 2016 04 eng
» Philippines forest landscape restoration for asia pacific forests 2016 04 eng
» Thailand forest landscape restoration for asia pacific forests 2016 04 eng
» Principles of CNFM Technical indicators with quantitative options
» Stand Operation Regime The five operational tasks of CNFM
» Commercial forest zone – timber production with no restriction on operation intensity.
» Species consideration for the MFFM plan
» Design of the FDT and operation models
» Brief cases of FLR in other regions
» Tentative results The five operational tasks of CNFM
» Causes of forest degradation
» Direct causes forest landscape restoration for asia pacific forests 2016 04 eng
» Underlying causes and agents of deforestation
» History of initiatives, strategies and techniques
» Major policies influencing rehabilitation initiatives in the New Order Era
» Industrial timber plantations HTI
» State forest rehabilitation programmes implemented by state-owned companies
» The FMU as an FLR approach: Sumbawa, Eastern Indonesia
» Gunungkidul District in Yogyakarta
» Conditions for success Broader socio-economic and political causes
» National strategy for forest and landscape restoration
» Permanent forest estate in 2002
» Forest landownership Broader socio-economic and political causes
» History of deforestation and forest degradation
» Deforestation rate Broader socio-economic and political causes
» Forest degradation Broader socio-economic and political causes
» Current status Broader socio-economic and political causes
» PFE status Broader socio-economic and political causes
» Direct causes Broader socio-economic and political causes
» Overexploitation and illegal logging
» Shifting cultivation forest landscape restoration for asia pacific forests 2016 04 eng
» Expansion of agricultural lands and construction of dams
» Demand on woodfuel forest landscape restoration for asia pacific forests 2016 04 eng
» Settlements and urbanization forest landscape restoration for asia pacific forests 2016 04 eng
» Population growth forest landscape restoration for asia pacific forests 2016 04 eng
» Poverty forest landscape restoration for asia pacific forests 2016 04 eng
» Weak law enforcement forest landscape restoration for asia pacific forests 2016 04 eng
» Conventional forest administration and lack of people’s participation
» Insufficient budget forest landscape restoration for asia pacific forests 2016 04 eng
» Impact on livelihoods No proper all-inclusive land-use policy
» Impact on biodiversity No proper all-inclusive land-use policy
» Impact of forest managementgovernance
» Plantation establishment forest landscape restoration for asia pacific forests 2016 04 eng
» Community forestry development forest landscape restoration for asia pacific forests 2016 04 eng
» Case study: Rehabilitation of Shin-ma-taung Hill in the Central dry zone of Myanmar
» General characteristics forest landscape restoration for asia pacific forests 2016 04 eng
» Deforestation and forest degradation in the area
» Rehabilitation efforts forest landscape restoration for asia pacific forests 2016 04 eng
» Reforming forest policies forest landscape restoration for asia pacific forests 2016 04 eng
» Reconciling global and national policies
» Public awareness forest landscape restoration for asia pacific forests 2016 04 eng
» Monitoring and evaluation forest landscape restoration for asia pacific forests 2016 04 eng
» Financing forest landscape restoration for asia pacific forests 2016 04 eng
» The private sector National budget
» Location and topography National budget
» Land classification National budget
» Forest landownership National budget
» Current status of forest degradation and deforestation
» State of forest degradation and rehabilitation needs
» Forests under non-forest use
» Direct causes National budget
» Underlying causes National budget
» Environmental degradation in Nepal
» Technical approaches Other initiatives to implement forest restoration
» Economic assessment of different possible forest restorationrehabilitation strategies
» Case study: Chautara pine reforestation sites
» Conditions for success Forest restorationrehabilitation strategies
» Policy measures forest landscape restoration for asia pacific forests 2016 04 eng
» National strategy for forest and landscape restoration: the way forward
» Brief overview Economic and market approaches
» Current status of forest degradation
» Economic impacts Underlying causes
» Environmental impacts Underlying causes
» Economic assessment of different forest restoration and rehabilitation techniques and approaches
» Conditions for success Techniques
» Reforms in major policy areas
» Consistency with current national policies
» Consistency with major international commitments
» Causes of forest degradation – direct causes
» Underlying causes Descriptive FLR strategies
» Environmental impact: extreme weather, change in soil resources
» Economic loss Descriptive FLR strategies
» Social consequences Descriptive FLR strategies
» A history of initiatives, strategies and techniques
» Forest area decline Forest restoration measures and methods
» Direct causes Forest restoration measures and methods
» Overharvesting of forests forest landscape restoration for asia pacific forests 2016 04 eng
» Infrastructure development forest landscape restoration for asia pacific forests 2016 04 eng
» Armed conflicts forest landscape restoration for asia pacific forests 2016 04 eng
» Underlying causes Forest fires
» Poverty and high population pressures
» Economic development policies forest landscape restoration for asia pacific forests 2016 04 eng
» Institutional weakness, weak law enforcement and financial deficits
» Conditions for success Finance
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