Poverty forest landscape restoration for asia pacific forests 2016 04 eng
5.1.3 Community forestry development
Deforestation and forest degradation became apparent in the late twentieth century. It is agreed that one of the main causes is lack of people’s mainly forest dwellers participation and understanding of forest conservation, management and benefit sharing Ba Kaung 2006. To address this weakness, the CFI was issued by the Forest Department in 1995. The main objectives of the CFI are: • To achieve active participation by the rural population in tree planting on barren lands and to reforest degraded areas; • To meet the basic needs of local communities; and • To support the economic development of the country and regain environmental stability. Many foresters and related professionals welcomed the CFI as a major breakthrough in the Myanmar forestry sector as it establishes the shift from centralized police-style forest management to decentralized community-based forest management. Since then, community forests CFs have been gradually established throughout the country and many international and national NGOs and civil society groups have encouraged and assisted their development. The total CF area reached 33 070 ha in 2005 and rose to 47 204 ha with 29 945 user group members in 2012 MOECAF 2012. CF establishment is significantly higher in areas that are severely degraded and highly vulnerable to climate change, such as the dry zone Sagaing, Mandalay and Magway regions, Shan Plateau and the Ayeyarwaddy Delta. Seventy-five percent of the CFs in the country is established in these regions. The main reasons for establishing CFs in these critical areas is to rehabilitate the degraded environment, to improve local soil and water quality and to supply the basic needs particularly fuelwood and fodder of the rural poor, rather than for commercial exploitation of valuable timber. Establishment of CFs according to the CFI has been seen as a promising way to rehabilitate degraded landscapes and to improve farming through enhanced soil and water quality to meet the basic needs of very poor communities.5.1.4 Development of the DZGD
The dry zone of Central Myanmar is the most critical region in terms of land degradation caused by continued deforestation Figure 4. All possible measures have been taken to prevent and check environmental deterioration and land degradation since the 1950s. In 1954, a dry zone rehabilitation project was initiated by the Agriculture and Rural Development Corporation ARDC in collaboration with the Forest Department to carry out tree-planting activities in denuded lands. In 1994, the Forest Department implemented a special ‘Greening Project’ for the nine districts of the arid zone of Central Myanmar. During the project period, 7 280 ha of village plantations were planted on denuded lands in the vicinity of the villages for greening purposes and to supply fuelwood, poles and posts. Figure 4. Desert-like formation in the Central dry zone of MyanmarParts
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» Natural regeneration forest landscape restoration for asia pacific forests 2016 04 eng
» Agroforestry forest landscape restoration for asia pacific forests 2016 04 eng
» Ecological restoration forest landscape restoration for asia pacific forests 2016 04 eng
» China forest landscape restoration for asia pacific forests 2016 04 eng
» Indonesia forest landscape restoration for asia pacific forests 2016 04 eng
» Myanmar forest landscape restoration for asia pacific forests 2016 04 eng
» Nepal forest landscape restoration for asia pacific forests 2016 04 eng
» Philippines forest landscape restoration for asia pacific forests 2016 04 eng
» Thailand forest landscape restoration for asia pacific forests 2016 04 eng
» Principles of CNFM Technical indicators with quantitative options
» Stand Operation Regime The five operational tasks of CNFM
» Commercial forest zone – timber production with no restriction on operation intensity.
» Species consideration for the MFFM plan
» Design of the FDT and operation models
» Brief cases of FLR in other regions
» Tentative results The five operational tasks of CNFM
» Causes of forest degradation
» Direct causes forest landscape restoration for asia pacific forests 2016 04 eng
» Underlying causes and agents of deforestation
» History of initiatives, strategies and techniques
» Major policies influencing rehabilitation initiatives in the New Order Era
» Industrial timber plantations HTI
» State forest rehabilitation programmes implemented by state-owned companies
» The FMU as an FLR approach: Sumbawa, Eastern Indonesia
» Gunungkidul District in Yogyakarta
» Conditions for success Broader socio-economic and political causes
» National strategy for forest and landscape restoration
» Permanent forest estate in 2002
» Forest landownership Broader socio-economic and political causes
» History of deforestation and forest degradation
» Deforestation rate Broader socio-economic and political causes
» Forest degradation Broader socio-economic and political causes
» Current status Broader socio-economic and political causes
» PFE status Broader socio-economic and political causes
» Direct causes Broader socio-economic and political causes
» Overexploitation and illegal logging
» Shifting cultivation forest landscape restoration for asia pacific forests 2016 04 eng
» Expansion of agricultural lands and construction of dams
» Demand on woodfuel forest landscape restoration for asia pacific forests 2016 04 eng
» Settlements and urbanization forest landscape restoration for asia pacific forests 2016 04 eng
» Population growth forest landscape restoration for asia pacific forests 2016 04 eng
» Poverty forest landscape restoration for asia pacific forests 2016 04 eng
» Weak law enforcement forest landscape restoration for asia pacific forests 2016 04 eng
» Conventional forest administration and lack of people’s participation
» Insufficient budget forest landscape restoration for asia pacific forests 2016 04 eng
» Impact on livelihoods No proper all-inclusive land-use policy
» Impact on biodiversity No proper all-inclusive land-use policy
» Impact of forest managementgovernance
» Plantation establishment forest landscape restoration for asia pacific forests 2016 04 eng
» Community forestry development forest landscape restoration for asia pacific forests 2016 04 eng
» Case study: Rehabilitation of Shin-ma-taung Hill in the Central dry zone of Myanmar
» General characteristics forest landscape restoration for asia pacific forests 2016 04 eng
» Deforestation and forest degradation in the area
» Rehabilitation efforts forest landscape restoration for asia pacific forests 2016 04 eng
» Reforming forest policies forest landscape restoration for asia pacific forests 2016 04 eng
» Reconciling global and national policies
» Public awareness forest landscape restoration for asia pacific forests 2016 04 eng
» Monitoring and evaluation forest landscape restoration for asia pacific forests 2016 04 eng
» Financing forest landscape restoration for asia pacific forests 2016 04 eng
» The private sector National budget
» Location and topography National budget
» Land classification National budget
» Forest landownership National budget
» Current status of forest degradation and deforestation
» State of forest degradation and rehabilitation needs
» Forests under non-forest use
» Direct causes National budget
» Underlying causes National budget
» Environmental degradation in Nepal
» Technical approaches Other initiatives to implement forest restoration
» Economic assessment of different possible forest restorationrehabilitation strategies
» Case study: Chautara pine reforestation sites
» Conditions for success Forest restorationrehabilitation strategies
» Policy measures forest landscape restoration for asia pacific forests 2016 04 eng
» National strategy for forest and landscape restoration: the way forward
» Brief overview Economic and market approaches
» Current status of forest degradation
» Economic impacts Underlying causes
» Environmental impacts Underlying causes
» Economic assessment of different forest restoration and rehabilitation techniques and approaches
» Conditions for success Techniques
» Reforms in major policy areas
» Consistency with current national policies
» Consistency with major international commitments
» Causes of forest degradation – direct causes
» Underlying causes Descriptive FLR strategies
» Environmental impact: extreme weather, change in soil resources
» Economic loss Descriptive FLR strategies
» Social consequences Descriptive FLR strategies
» A history of initiatives, strategies and techniques
» Forest area decline Forest restoration measures and methods
» Direct causes Forest restoration measures and methods
» Overharvesting of forests forest landscape restoration for asia pacific forests 2016 04 eng
» Infrastructure development forest landscape restoration for asia pacific forests 2016 04 eng
» Armed conflicts forest landscape restoration for asia pacific forests 2016 04 eng
» Underlying causes Forest fires
» Poverty and high population pressures
» Economic development policies forest landscape restoration for asia pacific forests 2016 04 eng
» Institutional weakness, weak law enforcement and financial deficits
» Conditions for success Finance
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