2003: 9 emphasize that gender is “embedded so thoroughly in our institutions, our actions, our beliefs and our desires, that it appears to use to be completely
natural.” Therefore, wearing red lipstick and bracelet is the form of gendered actions and behavior that women do.
Gender difference between femininity and masculinity become the main cause of gender discrimination. A
s stated by Morris 1993: 1 that “gender difference is the foundation of a structural inequality between women and men, by
which women suffer from systematic social injustice.” The behaviors and characteristics which embedded to men and women create different treatments
between men and women. Women are valued as weak creature whereas men are seen as powerful. Men have power and authority to take control over women and
this causes gender discrimination towards women. Gender discrimination happened toward women in many different forms. Fakih 2012: 12-13
categorizes gender discrimination into five kinds; marginalization, subordination, stereotype, violence and work load.
a. Marginalization
Marginalization, which is also known as alienation, occurs toward women as the form of gender discrimination. Young 1990: 53 explains marginalization
or alienation oppresses people by expelling them from valuable participations in social life. Some people being marginalized from public sphere because they have
no power or become the part of inferior class. Marginalized people are prohibited to participate in any social activities such as getting health facilities, getting
education or involving in political agenda. Furthermore, Young 1990: 53 argues that marginalization is the most dangerous form of oppressions because it can
make people suffer from material deprivation and even extermination. Young states that marginalization is a kind of oppression that is harmful for women
because it means that women are not allowed to own property and money. Men will take all of the inheritance owned by women because men think that they have
full authority over women. Marginalization towards women occurs in almost all aspects of life such as
in work field, marriage, social, culture and even state Fakih, 2008: 15. Marginalization occurs everywhere and many women suffer from it. In work field,
women have less opportunity than men to get higher position and promotion. Sen 2001: 2 explains “in employment as well as promotion in work and occupation,
women often face greater handicaps than men.” It means that work place become the source of marginalization where women do not have equal payment and
promotion to men. Many jobs required men to fill the positions and it does not provide opportunity for women. The jobs that are available for women are less
skilled job that does not have proper salary. As a result, women face more obstacles in the work field compare to men because men cannot accept that
women can do better than men at work. In the family, marginalization of women is strengthened by culture,
custom, and religious interpretation. It causes women get less inheritance than men Fakih, 2008: 15. Sen emphasizes Fakih’s idea 2008: 3 stating that, “In
many societies, the ownership of property can also be very unequal. Even basic
assets such as homes and land may be very asymmetrically shared.” In other words, men will get more inheritance because society think that men able to
handle and manage the property better than women. Therefore, it is clear that women do not have equal rights to own assets and property possessed by their
family and it makes women suffering not only in economics but also in social life. In short, women discrimination in patriarchal society that occurs in the form of
marginalization excludes women to participate in any activities that are useful and valuable for them. It happens in many aspects of life such as work field, public
and family.
b. Subordination
