SCROTOCHLOA Judz. Type: Scrotochloa urceolata Roxb. Judz.

branch bases. Panicle open, ovate, 10-40 cm long, contracted about primary branches; primary branches 3-nate, whorled at most nodes, 5-15 cm long; panicle axis bearing persistent branches; branches stiff, straight, with hooked hairs, with prominent pulvini. Sexes mixed. Spikelets in pairs: fertile spikelets sessile, 1 in the cluster; male spikelets pedicelled, 1 in the cluster. Pedicels linear, 1-2 mm long. Fertile spikelets comprising 1 fertile florets, without rachilla extension; orbicular, cochleate, 4-6 mm long, laterally compressed, gibbous,breaking up at maturity, disarticulating below each fertile floret. Glumes similar, persistent, shorter than spikelet, thinner than fertile lemma. Lower glume ovate, 2-3 mm long, as long as upper glume, membraneous, no keel, 1-nerved; lateral nerves absent; surface pubescent, with hooked hairs; apex cuspidate. Upper glume ovate, 2-3 mm long, 0.5 times length of adjacent fertile lemma, membraneous, no keels, 1-nerved; surface pubescent, with hooked hairs; apex cuspidate. Florets: fertile florets female; lemma orbicular, 4-6 mm long, bibbous, chartaceous, no keel, 5- nerved; lateral nerves ribbed; surface pubescent, with hooked hairs; margins closed except for an apical pore, covering most of palea; apex obtuse. Palea linear, 0.5 times length of lemma; keels contiguous above a sulcus. Lodicules absent. Anthers 6, 2-2.5 mm long. Stigmas 3, terminally exserted, pubescent. Styles connate below. Caryopsis with adherent pericarp. Male spikelets similar to female but less developed, 1 flowered, separately deciduous, 3.5-4 mm long; glumes 2. Notes Found in West tropical Africa, India, and Malesia. Distribution at Sulawesi North: Minahasa, North slope of G. Kalabat, Alt. 500 m. Central: Poso, Pamona, Tonusu. Habitat Primary forest, gentle slope hill forest, volcanic soil at the edge of primary forest. Specimen examined Foreman 260 BO; Dransfield 3878 BO.

83. SCROTOCHLOA Judz. Type: Scrotochloa urceolata Roxb. Judz.

Phytologia 564: 299. 1984. Kew Bull., Addit. Ser. 13: 1-389. 1986; Smithsonian Contr. Bot. 65: 1-27. 1987. From the Latin scroto “pouch”, and chloa “grass”, in reference to the pouch- or urn-shaped female spikelets. About 2 species, India, Ceylon, Malesia, Australia, and Solomon islands. Plants perennial, rhizomatous. Culms erect, or geniculately ascending. Ligule a ciliolate membrane. Blade base with a false petiole, linear; nervation slanting obliquely from midrib, with distinct cross nerves. Inflorescence monoecious, with male and female spikelets in the same inflorescence; a panicle, or composed of racemes, deciduous as a whole. Panicle open; primary branches whorled at most nodes. Racemes borne a long central axis. Spikelet packing lax; in pairs. Fertile spikelets pedicelled, 1 in the cluster. Male spikelets pedicelled, 1 in the a cluster. Pedicels filiform. Fertile spikelets comprising 1 fertile florets, without rachilla extension; obovate, urseolate, laterally compressed, 3-6 mm long, falling entire. Glumes reaching apex of florets, thinner than fertile lemma. Lower glume almost as long as upper glume, scarious, no keels; lateral nerves absent, or distinct; surface without pits, pubescent; apex acute. Upper glume ovate, as long as adjacent fertile lemma; scarious, no keels; lateral nerves with cross-nerves; surface pubescent, with hooked hairs; apex acute. Florets: fertile florets female; lemma obovate, coriaceous, no keel, no wing; lateral nerves obscure; surface unwrinkled, no grooves, pubescent, with hooked hairs; margins closed except for an apical pore, covering most of palea; apex rostrate. Palea 1.1 times length of lemma; surface pubescent. Anthers 6. Stigmas 3. 83.1. Scrotochloa urceolata Roxb. Judz. Phytologia 564:300. 1984. Leptaspis manillensis Steud., Syn. Pl. Glumac. 1: 8. 1855; Smithsonian Contr. Bot. 65: 1-27. 1987. Leptaspis urceolata Roxb. R. Br., Pl. Jav. Rar. 1: 23, t.6. 1838. Pharus urceolatus Roxb., Fl. Ind. 3: 611-612. 1832; Contr. Bot. 65: 1-27. 1987. Plants perennial, rhizomatous. Culms 20-50 cm long, geniculately ascending, rooting from lower nodes. Sheaths 9 cm long, rounded, sparsely hairy. Ligule 0.4 mm long, pubescent on abaxial surface. Blades 10-30 cm by 35-65 mm, venation slanting obliquely from midrib, with distinct cross nerves, apex acuminate. Inflorescence monoecious, with male and female spikelets in the same inflorescence. Inflorescence a panicle, deciduous as a whole. Panicle open, ovate, 10-12 cm long, contracted about primary branches; primary branches 6-14 cm long, whorled at most nodes; stiff, straight, pubescent, with hooked hairs. Spikelets in pairs; comprising 1 fertile florets, without rachilla extension; obovate, urceolate, 4-6 mm long, laterally compressed, falling entire. Glumes dissimilar, reaching apex of florets, thinner than fertile lemma. Lower glume obovate, 0.8 times length of upper glume, scarious, no keels, 7-9-nerved; surface pubescent, with hooked hairs; apex acute. Upper glume obovate, 4-6 mm long, coriaceous, as long as adjacent fertile lemma, scarious, 2-keeled, 7-nerved; lateral nerves with croos-nerves; surface pubescent, with hooked hairs; apex acute. Florets: fertile florets female; lemma obovate, 4-6 mm long, coriaceous, no keels; lateral nerves obscure; surface pubescent, with hooked hairs; margins closed except for an apical pore, covering most ao palea; apex rostrate. Palea linear, 1.1 times length of lemma; surface pubescent, with hooked hairs. Anthers 6, 3 mm long. Stigmas 3, plumose. Caryopsis with adherent pericarp. Notes Found in India, Indo-China, Malesia, and Australia. Distribution at Sulawesi North: Mauk river, Bogani Nani Wartabone National Park, Alt. 300 m; Wiau forest, N. of Mts. Kalabat, Alt. 600 m. Central: Toli-toli, Alt. 200 m; Donggala. Southeast: Kendari, Kec. Ranomeeto, Alt. 60 m; Buton island, Alt. 300 m Habitat Forest, river banks. Specimen examined Afriani 424 BO; Foreman 299 BO; Amir 220 BO; Coode 6281 BO; Ramlanto Fanani 531 BO; Meijer 10094 BO. Tribe 16. POEAE R. Br. Voy. Terra Austral. 2: 582. 1814. Type: Poa L. Sp. Pl. 1: 67-70. 1753. Airopsideae Gren. Godr. Fl. France 3: 435. 1855. Ampelodesmeae Conert Tutin. Bot. J. Linn. Soc. 76: 369. 1978 Cinneae Ohwi. Bot. Mag. Tokyo 55656: 360. 1941. Plants annual, or perennial. Blades linear to filiform. Ligule membraneous. Inflorescence usually an open, or contracted panicle, rarely spikelike, or a single raceme. Spikelets all alike, or rarely dimorphic with mixed fertile and sterile spikelets; florets 1, or 2 to many with uppermost reduced, laterally compressed, disarticulating below each floret. Glumes persistent, usually shorter than lemmas, membraneous; floret callus glabrous, or with wooly hairs; lemmas membraneous to leathery, 5-7- nerved, glabrous, or infrequently hairy, apex entire, or denticulate, awnless, or with a straight or curved awn from apex; palea subequaling lemma. Lodicules 2, hyaline. Stamens 3. Ovary sometimes hairy. Caryopsis mostly ellipsoid; hilum linear, or round. Key to the Genera 1.a. Caryopsis plumply elliptic; stamens 1-3 …………………………...13. Briza b. Caryopsis oblong, or linear; stamens 3 ………………………………………2 2.a. Perennials, tufted; shoots extravaginal; glumes not keeled; lemma laterally compressed but not keeled, apex acuminate ……………………..42. Festuca b. Annual, rarely perennial; shoots intravaginal; glumes strongly keeled; lemma distinctly keel, apex membraneous …………………………………. 71. Poa Genus description and key to the species 13. BRIZA L . Type: Briza minor L. Sp. Pl.: 70-71. 1753. Brizochloa V. Jirasek Chrtek. Novit. Bot. Delect. Seminum Hort. Carol. Prag. 1966: 40. 1966. Calotheca Desv. Nouv. Bull. Sci. Soc. Philom. Paris 2: 190. 1810. Chondrachyrum Nees. Nat. Syst. Bot. 449. 1836. Lombardochloa Roseng. B.R. Arrill. Anales Fac. Quimica Montevideo 9: 260. 1979. From the Greek briza “rye”, “a root”, brizo “to be sleepy, nod”. About 12 species, cosmopolitan, Europe, Africa, Asia, Australasia, and America. Plants annual or perennial, erect or ascending or decumbent, unbranched above. Node glabrous; internode hollow. Auricle absent. Ligule membraneous and obtuse. Sheath open at maturity. Blades flat and linear to linear-lanceolate. Plants bisexual. Inflorescence open or loosely contracted, flowers in dense or loosely panicle with drooping or erect spikelets; florets bisexual, reduced floret at apex. Spikelets broadly ovate or ovoid and solitary on filiform pedicels. Glumes almost similar, ribbed glumes ovate or boat-shaped; lemma alternate, lustrous and smooth, ovate, closely overlapping lemmas membranous and deeply concave, lemmas as broad as long and cordate at base; palea 2-keeled with keels often winged. Lodicule 2, membraneous, joined or free. Stamen 1 or 3. Ovary glabrous. Anthers light brown. Stigma white. Caryopsis dorsiventrally compressed. Ornamental, weed species, open habitats. 13.1. Briza minor L. Sp. Pl. 1: 70. 1753. Briza minima Hort. ex Nicholson. Ill. Dict. Gard. 1: 212. 1884. Plants annual, slender, loosely tufted. Culms up to 55 cm long, erect, or decumbent. Sheaths loose and smooth. Ligule 3-5 mm long, an eciliate membrane, hyaline. Blades 2-11 cm by 3-7 mm, margin scaberulous, the surface scaberulous. Inflorescence an opened panicle, 5-22 cm long, obovate, bearing many spikelets. Spikelets solitary, pendulous. Fertile spikelets pedicelled. Peidcelled filiform, 4-13 mm long. Fertile spikelets comprising 4-8 fertile florets, ovate, laterally compressed, 3-5 mm long, breaking up at maturity, disarticulating below each fertile floret. Rachilla internodes obscured by lemmas. Glumes similar, persistent, shorter than spikelets. Lower glume 3 mm long, almost as long as upper glume, chartaceous, without keels, 3-5-nerved, apex obtuse. Upper glume as long as adjacent fertile lemma, chartaceous, without keels, 3-5-nerved, apex obtuse. Florets: fertile lemma 3 mm long, oblate, auriculate at base, gibbous, chartaceous, thinner on margins, keeled below, 7-9-nerved; lemma surface glabrous, apex obtuse. Palea 0.6 times length of lemma, orbicular, 2-nerved, keels winged, ciliolate. Lodicules 2. Anthers 3. Notes Found in Europe, Africa, Asia, Australasia, Pasific, and South America. Palatable grass, good forage, tillering grass, ornamental, naturalized elsewhere. Distribution at Sulawesi Central: Palu, Alt. 50 m. Habitat Widespread weed of gardens and disturbed areas; moist soils, swamp margins, moist open sandy sites, drainage ditches, orchards, open habitats, shady areas, wastelands, granite rocks, along roadsides, loam or clay. Specimen examined Lasut 229 WALL; Papa 106 WALL.

42. FESTUCA L.