branch bases. Panicle open, ovate, 10-40 cm long, contracted about primary branches; primary branches 3-nate, whorled at most nodes, 5-15 cm long; panicle axis bearing
persistent branches; branches stiff, straight, with hooked hairs, with prominent pulvini. Sexes mixed. Spikelets in pairs: fertile spikelets sessile, 1 in the cluster; male spikelets
pedicelled, 1 in the cluster. Pedicels linear, 1-2 mm long. Fertile spikelets comprising 1 fertile florets, without rachilla extension; orbicular, cochleate, 4-6 mm long, laterally
compressed, gibbous,breaking up at maturity, disarticulating below each fertile floret. Glumes similar, persistent, shorter than spikelet, thinner than fertile lemma. Lower
glume ovate, 2-3 mm long, as long as upper glume, membraneous, no keel, 1-nerved; lateral nerves absent; surface pubescent, with hooked hairs; apex cuspidate. Upper
glume ovate, 2-3 mm long, 0.5 times length of adjacent fertile lemma, membraneous, no keels, 1-nerved; surface pubescent, with hooked hairs; apex cuspidate. Florets:
fertile florets female; lemma orbicular, 4-6 mm long, bibbous, chartaceous, no keel, 5- nerved; lateral nerves ribbed; surface pubescent, with hooked hairs; margins closed
except for an apical pore, covering most of palea; apex obtuse. Palea linear, 0.5 times length of lemma; keels contiguous above a sulcus. Lodicules absent. Anthers 6, 2-2.5
mm long. Stigmas 3, terminally exserted, pubescent. Styles connate below. Caryopsis with adherent pericarp. Male spikelets similar to female but less developed, 1
flowered, separately deciduous, 3.5-4 mm long; glumes 2.
Notes
Found in West tropical Africa, India, and Malesia.
Distribution at Sulawesi
North: Minahasa, North slope of G. Kalabat, Alt. 500 m. Central: Poso, Pamona, Tonusu.
Habitat
Primary forest, gentle slope hill forest, volcanic soil at the edge of primary forest.
Specimen examined
Foreman 260 BO; Dransfield 3878 BO.
83. SCROTOCHLOA Judz. Type: Scrotochloa urceolata Roxb. Judz.
Phytologia 564: 299. 1984. Kew Bull., Addit. Ser. 13: 1-389. 1986; Smithsonian Contr. Bot. 65: 1-27. 1987.
From the Latin scroto “pouch”, and chloa “grass”, in reference to the pouch- or urn-shaped female spikelets.
About 2 species, India, Ceylon, Malesia, Australia, and Solomon islands. Plants perennial, rhizomatous. Culms erect, or geniculately ascending. Ligule a ciliolate
membrane. Blade base with a false petiole, linear; nervation slanting obliquely from midrib, with distinct cross nerves. Inflorescence monoecious, with male and female
spikelets in the same inflorescence; a panicle, or composed of racemes, deciduous as a whole. Panicle open; primary branches whorled at most nodes. Racemes borne a long
central axis. Spikelet packing lax; in pairs. Fertile spikelets pedicelled, 1 in the cluster. Male spikelets pedicelled, 1 in the a cluster. Pedicels filiform. Fertile
spikelets comprising 1 fertile florets, without rachilla extension; obovate, urseolate, laterally compressed, 3-6 mm long, falling entire. Glumes reaching apex of florets,
thinner than fertile lemma. Lower glume almost as long as upper glume, scarious, no keels; lateral nerves absent, or distinct; surface without pits, pubescent; apex acute.
Upper glume ovate, as long as adjacent fertile lemma; scarious, no keels; lateral nerves with cross-nerves; surface pubescent, with hooked hairs; apex acute. Florets: fertile
florets female; lemma obovate, coriaceous, no keel, no wing; lateral nerves obscure; surface unwrinkled, no grooves, pubescent, with hooked hairs; margins closed except
for an apical pore, covering most of palea; apex rostrate. Palea 1.1 times length of lemma; surface pubescent. Anthers 6. Stigmas 3.
83.1.
Scrotochloa urceolata Roxb. Judz. Phytologia 564:300. 1984.
Leptaspis manillensis Steud., Syn. Pl. Glumac. 1: 8. 1855; Smithsonian Contr. Bot. 65: 1-27. 1987.
Leptaspis urceolata Roxb. R. Br., Pl. Jav. Rar. 1: 23, t.6. 1838. Pharus urceolatus Roxb., Fl. Ind. 3: 611-612. 1832; Contr. Bot. 65: 1-27. 1987.
Plants perennial, rhizomatous. Culms 20-50 cm long, geniculately ascending, rooting from lower nodes. Sheaths 9 cm long, rounded, sparsely hairy. Ligule 0.4 mm
long, pubescent on abaxial surface. Blades 10-30 cm by 35-65 mm, venation slanting obliquely from midrib, with distinct cross nerves, apex acuminate. Inflorescence
monoecious, with male and female spikelets in the same inflorescence. Inflorescence a panicle, deciduous as a whole. Panicle open, ovate, 10-12 cm long, contracted about
primary branches; primary branches 6-14 cm long, whorled at most nodes; stiff,
straight, pubescent, with hooked hairs. Spikelets in pairs; comprising 1 fertile florets, without rachilla extension; obovate, urceolate, 4-6 mm long, laterally compressed,
falling entire. Glumes dissimilar, reaching apex of florets, thinner than fertile lemma. Lower glume obovate, 0.8 times length of upper glume, scarious, no keels, 7-9-nerved;
surface pubescent, with hooked hairs; apex acute. Upper glume obovate, 4-6 mm long, coriaceous, as long as adjacent fertile lemma, scarious, 2-keeled, 7-nerved; lateral
nerves with croos-nerves; surface pubescent, with hooked hairs; apex acute. Florets: fertile florets female; lemma obovate, 4-6 mm long, coriaceous, no keels; lateral
nerves obscure; surface pubescent, with hooked hairs; margins closed except for an apical pore, covering most ao palea; apex rostrate. Palea linear, 1.1 times length of
lemma; surface pubescent, with hooked hairs. Anthers 6, 3 mm long. Stigmas 3, plumose. Caryopsis with adherent pericarp.
Notes
Found in India, Indo-China, Malesia, and Australia.
Distribution at Sulawesi
North: Mauk river, Bogani Nani Wartabone National Park, Alt. 300 m; Wiau forest, N. of Mts. Kalabat, Alt. 600 m. Central: Toli-toli, Alt. 200 m; Donggala.
Southeast: Kendari, Kec. Ranomeeto, Alt. 60 m; Buton island, Alt. 300 m Habitat
Forest, river banks.
Specimen examined
Afriani 424 BO; Foreman 299 BO; Amir 220 BO; Coode 6281 BO; Ramlanto Fanani 531 BO; Meijer 10094 BO.
Tribe 16. POEAE R. Br.
Voy. Terra Austral. 2: 582. 1814. Type: Poa L. Sp. Pl. 1: 67-70. 1753.
Airopsideae Gren. Godr. Fl. France 3: 435. 1855. Ampelodesmeae Conert Tutin. Bot. J. Linn. Soc. 76: 369. 1978
Cinneae Ohwi. Bot. Mag. Tokyo 55656: 360. 1941.
Plants annual, or perennial. Blades linear to filiform. Ligule membraneous. Inflorescence usually an open, or contracted panicle, rarely spikelike, or a single
raceme. Spikelets all alike, or rarely dimorphic with mixed fertile and sterile spikelets; florets 1, or 2 to many with uppermost reduced, laterally compressed, disarticulating
below each floret. Glumes persistent, usually shorter than lemmas, membraneous;
floret callus glabrous, or with wooly hairs; lemmas membraneous to leathery, 5-7- nerved, glabrous, or infrequently hairy, apex entire, or denticulate, awnless, or with a
straight or curved awn from apex; palea subequaling lemma. Lodicules 2, hyaline. Stamens 3. Ovary sometimes hairy. Caryopsis mostly ellipsoid; hilum linear, or
round.
Key to the Genera 1.a. Caryopsis plumply elliptic; stamens 1-3 …………………………...13. Briza
b. Caryopsis oblong, or linear; stamens 3 ………………………………………2 2.a. Perennials, tufted; shoots extravaginal; glumes not keeled; lemma laterally
compressed but not keeled, apex acuminate ……………………..42. Festuca
b. Annual, rarely perennial; shoots intravaginal; glumes strongly keeled; lemma
distinctly keel, apex membraneous …………………………………. 71. Poa
Genus description and key to the species 13. BRIZA L
. Type: Briza minor L. Sp. Pl.: 70-71. 1753. Brizochloa V. Jirasek Chrtek. Novit. Bot. Delect. Seminum Hort. Carol. Prag.
1966: 40. 1966. Calotheca Desv. Nouv. Bull. Sci. Soc. Philom. Paris 2: 190. 1810.
Chondrachyrum Nees. Nat. Syst. Bot. 449. 1836. Lombardochloa Roseng. B.R. Arrill. Anales Fac. Quimica Montevideo 9:
260. 1979.
From the Greek briza “rye”, “a root”, brizo “to be sleepy, nod”. About 12 species, cosmopolitan, Europe, Africa, Asia, Australasia, and America.
Plants annual or perennial, erect or ascending or decumbent, unbranched above. Node glabrous; internode hollow. Auricle absent. Ligule membraneous and obtuse. Sheath
open at maturity. Blades flat and linear to linear-lanceolate. Plants bisexual. Inflorescence open or loosely contracted, flowers in dense or loosely panicle with
drooping or erect spikelets; florets bisexual, reduced floret at apex. Spikelets broadly ovate or ovoid and solitary on filiform pedicels. Glumes almost similar, ribbed glumes
ovate or boat-shaped; lemma alternate, lustrous and smooth, ovate, closely overlapping lemmas membranous and deeply concave, lemmas as broad as long and cordate at
base; palea 2-keeled with keels often winged. Lodicule 2, membraneous, joined or
free. Stamen 1 or 3. Ovary glabrous. Anthers light brown. Stigma white. Caryopsis dorsiventrally compressed.
Ornamental, weed species, open habitats. 13.1.
Briza minor L. Sp. Pl. 1: 70. 1753.
Briza minima Hort. ex Nicholson. Ill. Dict. Gard. 1: 212. 1884. Plants annual, slender, loosely tufted. Culms up to 55 cm long, erect, or
decumbent. Sheaths loose and smooth. Ligule 3-5 mm long, an eciliate membrane, hyaline. Blades 2-11 cm by 3-7 mm, margin scaberulous, the surface scaberulous.
Inflorescence an opened panicle, 5-22 cm long, obovate, bearing many spikelets. Spikelets solitary, pendulous. Fertile spikelets pedicelled. Peidcelled filiform, 4-13
mm long. Fertile spikelets comprising 4-8 fertile florets, ovate, laterally compressed, 3-5 mm long, breaking up at maturity, disarticulating below each fertile floret.
Rachilla internodes obscured by lemmas. Glumes similar, persistent, shorter than spikelets. Lower glume 3 mm long, almost as long as upper glume, chartaceous,
without keels, 3-5-nerved, apex obtuse. Upper glume as long as adjacent fertile lemma, chartaceous, without keels, 3-5-nerved, apex obtuse. Florets: fertile lemma 3
mm long, oblate, auriculate at base, gibbous, chartaceous, thinner on margins, keeled below, 7-9-nerved; lemma surface glabrous, apex obtuse. Palea 0.6 times length of
lemma, orbicular, 2-nerved, keels winged, ciliolate. Lodicules 2. Anthers 3.
Notes
Found in Europe, Africa, Asia, Australasia, Pasific, and South America. Palatable grass, good forage, tillering grass, ornamental, naturalized elsewhere.
Distribution at Sulawesi
Central: Palu, Alt. 50 m.
Habitat
Widespread weed of gardens and disturbed areas; moist soils, swamp margins, moist open sandy sites, drainage ditches, orchards, open habitats, shady areas,
wastelands, granite rocks, along roadsides, loam or clay. Specimen examined
Lasut 229 WALL; Papa 106 WALL.
42. FESTUCA L.