moist grassland, roadsides and disturbed moist places, pathsides, moist sandy soils, forest margins, and savannah margins.
Specimen examined
Lasut s.n. WALL.
15. CENCHRUS L
. Type: Cenchrus echinatus L. Sp. Pl. 2: 1049-1050. 1753. Cenchropsis Nash. Fl. S.E. U.S. 109, 1327. 1903; Contr. U.S. Natl. Herb. 46:
144-150. 2003.
From the Greek kenchros “millet”, Latin cenchros, used by Plinius for an Arabian diamond or an unknown kind of precious stone big as a grain of millet.
About 22 species, cosmopolitan, warm and dry regions, tropical and warm temperate, Europe, Africa, Asia, Australasia, and America. Plants annual or perennial,
tufted, erect or procumbent, weak geniculate culms, herbaceous, slender, branched, stoloniferous or rhizomatous. Auricles absent. Ligule a short ciliate membraneous
rim. Sheaths keeled and compressed. Blades narrow, linear or linear-lanceolate. Plants bisexual with only a single spike-like axis. Inflorescence a false simple
cylindrical spike, bristles fused often united at base. Spikelets solitary or clustered; sessile involucre of sterile spikelets hardened and spiny, deciduous involucre
composed of 1 or more whorls of bristles, spikelets unawned and falling with the glumes; floret 1 or 2; lower floret sterile or male; upper floret hermaphrodite
deciduous with the spiny involucres. Glumes dissimilar and shorter than the spikelet. Lower glume minute or sometimes suppressed. Palea present. Lodicules absent.
Stamens 3. Ovary glabrous. Stigmas 2. Caryosis spines and bristles. Weed, cultivated fodder, halophytic, troublesome prickly spiny burrs
contaminate wool and their spines damage skin, in damp or wet soil, native pasture species, drought resistant and tolerant of hard grazing, soil stabilizer, shade species,
ornamental, grows on open grasslands, on disturbed land, woodland or poorer soil, coastal dunes, rainforest, sandy and weedy places.
15.1. Cenchrus brownii Roem. Schult. Syst. Veg. 2: 258. 1817.
Cenchrus dactylolepis Steud. Syn. Pl. Glumac. 1: 109. 1854. Cenchrus echinatus Steud. ex Doll. Fl. Bras. 22: 309. 1877.
Cenchrus inflexus R. Br. Prodr. 1: 195. 1810.
Cenchrus rigidus Willd. ex Doll. Fl. Bras. 22: 310. 1877. Cenchrus viridis Spreng. Syst. Veg. 1: 301. 1824.
Pseudechinolaena inflexa Poir. Pittier. Bol. Tecn. Minist. Agric. 41. 1937.
Plants annual. Culms 20-100 cm long, tufted, erect to straggling, glabrous, bases sometimes decumbent and rooting at the nodes. Sheaths slightly compressed. Ligule
0.5-1.5 mm long, a fringe of hairs. Blades 7-30 cm by 4-12 mm, surface glabrous, hairy adaxially. Inflorescence a panicle. Panicle 4-13 cm long, spiciform, linear;
primary branches accrescent to a central axis, with sessile scars on angular axis, pubescent, bearing deciduous spikelets clusters. Spikelets subtended by an involucre.
Fertile spikelets sessile, 2-3 in the cluster. Involucre composed of bristles, connate into a cup below, with 2-4 mm conate, globose, 5-8 mm long, base obconical, bristles
deciduous with the fertile spikelets, with an outer whorl of thinner bristles, inner bristles subequal to outer, with longest bristle scarcely emergent, 2-4 mm long,
flattened, rigid, retrorsely scaberulous, villous, spinose. Fertile spikelets comprising 1 basal sterile florets, 1 fertile florets, without rachilla extension, ovate, dorsally
compressed, acuminate, 4-6 mm long, falling entire, deciduous with accessory branch structures. Glumes shorter than spikelet, thinner than fertile lemma. Lower glume 0.5-
2.6 mm long, 0.3 times length of spikelets, membraneous, without keels, 1-nerved, lateral nerves absent, apex obtuse. Upper glume 2-5 mm long, 0.7 times length of
spikelets, membraneous, without keels, 3-5-nerved, apex acute. Florets: basal sterile florets barren, with palea. Lemma 0.9 length of spikelets, ovate, membraneous, 5-
nerved, acute. Fertile lemma 5 mm long, ovate, coriaceous, without keel, 5-nerved, margins flat, apex acute. Palea corisceous. Anthers 3, 2 mm long. Caryopsis up to
2.7 mm long, ovoid, with adherent pericarp.
Notes
Found in South Africa, Eastern Asia, Indo-China, Malesia, Australasia, Mexico, Mesoamericana, Carribean, and Brasil. Weed species, pioneer grass, forage, invader.
Distribution at Sulawesi
North: Amurang; Talaud, Miangas; Gorontalo. Central: Toboli Pangi, Alt. 600 m; Luwuk, Kintom, Kp. Babang Buyangge, Alt. 15 m; Between Palu and Doda, Alt
470 m. South: Kp. Koesoeng; Majene; Panakukkang, Alt. 15 m. Southeast: Kendari, Kec. Kasilampe, Ds. Butung, Alt. 5 m; Buton Island, Bau-Bau.
Habitat
Grows in sandy waste places and forest borders, sandy soils, savannah, on beaches and near the ocean, in disturbed places.
Specimen examined leg. ign. 5 BO; Amir 04 BO; leg. ign. 45 BO; Vuuren Noerkas 381
BO; Vuuren Rahmat 136 BO; Hamzah 329 BO; Koorders 17227 β BO;
Kjellberg 1 BO; Lam 3393 BO; Papa 323 WALL; Lasut 967 WALL. 24.
CYRTOCOCCUM Stapf. Type: Cyrtococcum setigerum P. Beauv. Stapf. Fl.
Trop. Afr. 9: 15, 746. 1920. Loxostachys Peter. Repert. Spec. Nov. Regni Veg. Beih. 401: 203, Anh. 55.
1930; Grass. Burma, Ceylon, India Pakistan i-xviii, 1-767. 1960.
From the Greek kyrtos “curved, arched” and kokkos “a berry”, alluding to the nature of the fruits, to the gibbous spikelets.
About 12 species, Africa, Asia, Australasia, and America. Plant annual or perennial, leafy, crepping, herbaceous, branched, stoloniferous or decumbent and
rooting from the nodes. Internodes hollow. Auricles absent. Ligule a membrane-like more or less fringed. Blades lanceolate to ovate to linear-lanceolate. Plants bisexual,
inflorescence a more or less loose panicle open or contracted. Spikelets laterally compressed and asymmetrically obovate or gibbous. Floret 2, lower floret sterile,
upper floret perfect or bisexual, small crest on the upper floret. Glumes 2 more or less equal and shorter than spikelets. Upper glume nerved and obtuse. Lemmas boat-
shaped, lower lemma obtuse, upper lemma laterally compressed. Palea present. Lodicule 2, free and fleshy. Stamen 3. Ovary glabrous. Stigma 2, plumose.
Weed species, native pasture species, lower montane forest, shade species.
Key to the Species
1.a. Culms up to 15 cm long; lemma of basal sterile floret 3-nerved; fertile lemma
orbicular ……………………………………..24.1. Cyrtococcum accrescens
b. Culms 15-80 cm long; lemma of basal sterile floret 5-nerved; fertile lemma obovate ………………………………………….……………………………2
2.a. Ligule 1 mm long, a ciliolate membrane; primary branches appressed, or
ascending; fertile lemma 1.5 mm long ……..24.2. Cyrtococcum oxyphyllum
b. Ligule 0.5 mm long, an eciliate membrane; primary branches spreading; fertile
lemma 2 mm long …………………………24.3. Cyrtococcum patens
24.1.
Cyrtococcum accrescens Trin. Stapf. Hooker’s Icon. Pl. 314: pl. 3096, in
nota p. 2. 1922. Panicum accrescens Trin., Sp. Gram. 1: , t. 88. 1828.
Cyrtococcum patens var. latifolium Honda Ohwi, Acta Phytotax. Geobot. 111: 47-48. 1942.
Plants perennial, mat forming, decumbent, rooting from the lower nodes. Culms 5-15 cm long, creeping. Ligule an eciliate membrane. Blades 1.5-5 cm by 2-7 mm,
lanceolate. Inflorescence a panicle. Panicle open, 1-5 cm long, obovate, dense,
contracted about primary branches. Spikelets solitary: fertile spikelets pedicelled; pedicels filiform, angular, smooth, or scaberulous; glabrous, or ciliate. Fertile
spikelets comprising 1 basal sterile florets, 1 fertile florets, without rachilla extension; obovate, laterally compressed, gibbous, 2 mm long, falling entire. Glumes similar,
shorter than spikelets, thinner than fertile lemma. Lower glume 0.6 times length of spikelet, membraneous, ovate, without keels, 3-nerved; surface pubescent, or hispid,
with tubercle-based hairs; apex acute. Upper glume 0.7 times length of spikelet, membraneous, without keels, 3-nerved; surface pubescent, or hispid, with tubercle-
base hairs; apex obtuse. Florets: basal sterile florets barren, without significant palea; lemma similar to upper glume; as long as spikelet, oblong, membraneous, 3-nerved,
pubescent, or hispid, with tubercle-based hairs, obtuse. Fertile lemma 1.6 mm long, orbicular, laterally compressed, gibbous, coriaceous, without keel, 5-nerved; lateral
nerves obscure; margins involute; apex obtuse. Palea reflexed at apex, involute, coriaceous, 2-nerved.
Notes
Found in Southeastern Asia, Taiwan, and China. Fodder grass.
Distribution at Sulawesi
North: Tangkoko Nature Reserve, Alt. 10 m; Minahasa, Tomohon, Alt. 700 m; Tondano, Alt. 700 m; N. Slope of Mt. Kalabat, Alt. 500 m; Gorontalo. Central:
Between Palu and Doda, Alt. 500 m; Palu, Mt. Nokilalaki, Alt. 1000 m. South: Bantimurung and vicinity, Alt. 50 m; Malino, Alt. 280 m; Beseanglabor river,
Bantimurung, Alt. 100 m. Southeast: Rawa Aopa Watumohai National Park. Habitat
Forest, along roadsides.
Specimen examined
Lasut 622, 970, 1142 WALL; Alston 16305 BO; Buwalda 3714 BO; Forman 250 BO; Bloembergen 4075 BO; Beguin 43 BO; Bunnemeijer 10908
BO; Widjaja 8004 WALL; Kurniawan 169 WALL. 24.2.
Cyrtococcum oxyphyllum Hochst. Stapf. Hooker’s Icon. Pl. 314:, pl.3096.
1922. Panicum oxyphyllum Hochst. ex Steud. Syn. Pl. Glumac. 1: 65. 1854.
Panicum pilipes Nees Arnott ex Buse. Pl. Jungh. : 376. 1854; Handb. Fl. Ceylon 5: 158. 1900; Grass. Burma, Ceylon, India Pakistan 291. 1960.
Plants perennial, mat forming. Culms 20-60 cm long, slender, prostrate, creeping, rooting at the lower nodes. Nodes glabrous, or pubescent. Sheaths keeled at
the tip. Ligule 1 mm long, a ciliolate membrane. Blades 3-18 cm by 4-12 mm, apex acuminate, the surface glabrous, or hirsute. Inflorescence a panicle. Panicle
contracted, 5-20 cm long, lanceolate; primary branches appressed, or ascending. Spikelets solitary: fertile spikelets pedicelled; comprising 1 basal sterile florets, 1
fertile florets, without rachilla extension; obovate, 2 mm long, laterally compressed, gibbous, falling entire. Glumes similar, shorter than spikelet, thinner than fertile
lemma. Lower glume 1.5 mm long, 0.7 times length of spikelets, ovate, membraneous, without keels, 3-nerved; apex acute. Upper glume 2 mm long, as long as spikelets,
oblong, gibbous, membraneous, without keels, 3-nerved, apex acute. Florets: basal sterile florets barren, without significant palea; lemma similar to upper glume, 2 mm
long, oblong, as long as spikelets, membraneous, 5-nerved, acute. Fertile lemma obovate, 1.5 mm long, laterally compressed, gibbous, indurate, without keel, 5-nerved;
lateral nerves obscure; margins involute. Palea reflexed at apex, involute, indurate, 2- nerved. Anthers 3, 1 mm long. Caryopsis with adherent pericarp.
Notes
Found in Australia, Burma, India, Malaysia, and Sri Lanka. Weed species, fodder grass. Easily confused with species of Oplismenus P. Beauv.
Distribution at Sulawesi
North: Talaud, Karakelang Island, Beo; Karakelang Island, G. Doeata, Alt. 50 m; Manado; Minahasa, Tomohon, Mt. Lokon, Alt. 1300; Kakas, Pinamorongan, Alt. 500
m. Central: Pasangkayu; Luwuk. South: Mt. Bonthain, Alt. 950 1230 m. Southeast: Buton Island, Alt. 180 m.
Habitat
In forest shade, old plantations, in forest clearings.
Specimen examined
Leefmans s.n. BO; Lam 2960 BO; Koorders 19786 ß, 19794 ß, 19795 ß
BO; Bunnemeijer 11061, 11270 BO; Rahmat van Vuren 194 BO; Kjellberg 211 BO; Eyma 3925 BO.
24.3.
Cyrtococcum patens L. A. Camus. Bull. Mus. Hist. Nat. Paris 271: 118.
1921. Cyrtococcum muricatum Retz. Bor. Grass. Burma, Ceylon, India and Pakistan
291. 1960. Cyrtococcum radicans Retz. Stapf. Hooker’s Icon. Pl. 314: t. 3096, in nota
p.2. 1922. Paspalum carinatum J. Presl K. Schum. Fl. Kais. Wilh. Land 21. 1889.
Plants perennial, mat forming. Culms 15-80 cm long, creeping, scrambling, or decumbent, rooting at the lower nodes. Nodes glabrous. Sheaths smooth, with hairy
margins. Ligule 0.5 mm long, an eciliate membrane, glabrous. Blades 2-8 cm by 2-15 mm, linear, or lanceolate, margin scaberulous, base assymetrical, apex acuminate, the
surface glabrous. Inflorescence a panicle. Panicle 3-20 cm long, primary branches spreading. Spikelets solitary: fertile spikelets pedicelled; pedicels filiform; comprising
1 basal sterile florets, 1 fertile florets, without rachilla extension; obovate, 2 mm long, laterally compressed, gibbous, falling entire. Glumes similar, shorter than spikelet,
thinner than fertile lemma. Lower glume 1.5 mm long, ovate, 0.7 times length of spikelet, membraneous,without keels, 3-5-nerved; apex acute. Upper glume 1.75 mm
long, nearly as long as spikelet, oblong, gibbous, membraneous, without keel, 3-5- nerved, apex acute, the surface pubescent, or hispidulous. Florets: basal sterile florets
barren, without significant palea; lemma similar to upper glume, 2 mm long, oblong, as long as spikelet, membraneous, 5-nerved, pubescent, obtuse, or acute. Fertile lemma
obovate, 2 mm long, laterally compressed, gibbous, indurate, without keel, 5-7-nerved; lateral nerves obscure, margins involute. Palea leathery, reflexed at apex, involute, 2-
nerves. Anthers 3, 1 mm long. Caryopsis with adherent pericarp.
Notes
Found in China, India, Indo-China, and Malesia. Weed species, native pasture species, good fooder.
Distribution
North: Manado, Kayuragi; Gorontalo; Bukit rata tujuh, Pindol, TN. Bogani Nani Wartabone, Alt. 400 m; Mauk, Alt. 350 m. Central: Donggala, Alt. c. 40 m; Lindu,
Alt. 1000 m. South: Lombasang, Alt. 950 m; Malino, Alt. 280 m; Gg. Galesang,
Malino, Alt. 310 m; Bantimurung and vicinity, Alt. 50 m. Southeast: Kendari, Alt. 100 m; Salayar Group, Eil. T. Djampea.
Habitat
Forest, swamps, secondary forest.
Specimen examined
Bunnemeijer 11480, 10908, 10843 BO, 11770 L, isotype; Koorders 19811 β BO; Leeuwen 1580 BO; Posthumus 2651 BO; leg.ign. 17 BO; leg. ign. 9
BO; Kjellberg 419 BO; Buwalda 3745 BO; leg. ign s.n. BO; TU 2782 BO, 4583 WALL; Rustiami 363 WALL.
29.
DIGITARIA Haller. nom. cons., typ. cons., non Fabric. 1759. Type: Digitaria
sanguinalis L. Scop. Fl. Carniol. ed. 2 1: 52. 1771; Hist. Stirp. Helv. 2: 244. 1768.
Acicarpa Raddi. Agrostogr. Bras. 31, t. 1, f. 4. 1823. Digitariella De Winter. Bothalia 7: 467. 1961.
Digitariopsis C.E. Hubb. Hooker’s Icon. Pl. 35: t. 3420. 1940. Elytroblepharum Steud. Schltdl. Linnaea 265: 533. 1855
Gramerium Desv. Mem. Soc. Agric. Angers 1: 165. 1831. Syntherisma Walter. Fl. Carol. 76. 1788.
Trichachne Nees. Fl. Bras. Enum. Pl. 21: 85. 1829.
From Latin
digitus “a finger”, alluding to the racemes spread like fingers. About 200 species, cosmopolitan, Europe, Africa, Asia, Australasia, America,
and Antarctica. Plant annual or perennial, habitat variable, herbaceous, rhizomatous or stoloniferous, caespitose, erect or decumbent at base and rooting from lower nodes.
Nodes glabrous. Sheaths rolled in bud. Auricle absent. Ligule membraneous and unfringed. Blades often soft and hairy linear to lanceolate. Plants bisexual, extremely
variable in inflorescence, slender-fingered inflorescence; digitate inflorescence linear racemose and spicate. Spikelets rarely solitary usually paired or ternate, sessile and
pedicellate; florets 2; upper floret bisexual or perfect; lower floret sterile or staminate or neuter. Glumes 1 per spikelet or 2 and very unequal. Lower glume tiny or absent.
Upper glume variable; fertile lemma awnless and tough; when present hidden cleistogenes in the leaf sheaths. Palea present. Lodicule 2, glabrous and fleshy.
Stamen 3. Ovary glabrous without the apical appendage. Stigma 2, red. Caryopsis compressed.
Many weedy species, weeds of pasture plants, cultivated fodder, lawns and playing fields, native pasture species, most species in the genus are still considered
good forage grasses, ornamental and attractive when in flower, open habitats, infertile soils, rainforest, grasslands, weedy ground, sandy beaches, sandy soils.
Key to the Species
1.a. Lower glume present ………………………………………………………...2 b. Lower glume absent …………………………………………………………6
2.a. Plants annual …………………………………………………………………3 b. Plants perennial …………………………………..29.7. Digitaria milanjiana
3.a. Rachis winged, angular ……………………………………………………...4 b. Rachis narrowly winged, smooth on margin ………………………………...5
4.a. Upper glume surface glabrous ………………………29.2. Digitaria bicornis b. Upper glume surface pubescent …………..…………..29.3. Digitaria ciliaris
5.a. Culm sheath smooth ……………….………………..29.8. Digitaria radicosa b. Culm sheath hairy …………………………….....29.9. Digitaria sanguinalis
6.a. Rachis triquetros ……………………………………………………………..7 b. Rachis not triquetros …………………………………………………………8
7.a. Ligule up to 2 mm long ……………………………29.1. Digitaria abludens b. Ligule 2-4 mm long ………………………….29.5. Digitaria junghuhniana
8.a. Upper glume as long as spikelet …………………………………………….9 b. Upper glume shorter than spikelet …………………………………………10
9.a. Lemma glabrous ………………………………….29.4. Digitaria fuscescens b. Lemma puberulous ………………………………..29.6. Digitaria longiflora
10.a. Rachis narrowly winged; spikelets in pairs ………..29.10. Digitaria setigera b. Rachis broadly winged; spikelets in threes …………………………………11
11.a. Lemma hairy between nerves, with clavate hairs …..29.11. Digitaria ternata b. Lemma puberulous with verruculose hairs .……..29.12. Digitaria violascens
29.1.
Digitaria abludens Roem. Schult. Veldk. Blumea 211:53-55, f.11d, 12.
1973. Digitaria granularis Trin. ex Spreng. Henrard. Monogr. Digitaria 301, f. 891.
1950. Digitaria pedicellaris Trin. ex Hook. f. Prain. Bengal. Pl. 890. 1903.
Panicum abludens Roem. Schult. Syst. Veg. 2: 457. 1817. Panicum pedicellare Trin. ex Hook.f. Hack. Phillip. J. Sci. 1Suppl.: 4-, 268.
1906. Paspalum granulare Trin. ex Spreng. Neue Entdeck. Pflanzenk. 2: 47. 1821.
Paspalum pedicellatum Nees ex Steud. Grasses NW India 1. 1883.
Plants annual, slender, growing in small tufts. Culms 45 cm long, erect, not rooting at the nodes. Sheaths glabrous on surface. Ligule 2 mm long, an eciliate
membrane, truncate. Blades 10 cm by 3 mm, linear, margin scaberulous, base slightly hairless, apex attenuate, the surface scaberulous. Inflorescence composed of racemes.
Racemes 5, digitate, unilateral, 6 cm long, axis 3 cm long. Rachis triquetros, scabrous on margins. Spikelets spreading, in pairs, or in threes. Fertile spikelets pedicelled, 2
or 3 in the cluster. Pedicels filiform, scabrous. Fertile spikelets comprising 1 basal sterile florets, 1 fertile florets, without rhachilla extension; elliptic, 1.5 mm long,
falling entire. Glumes dissimilar. Lower glume absent. Upper glume 1.3 mm long, shorter than the spikelet, 3-nerved, membraneous, apex acute, the surface pubescent.
Florets: basal sterile florets barren, without palea; lemma elliptic, slightly shorter than spikelet, membraneous, 7-nerved, pubescent, apically anatomosing. Fertile lemma
elliptic, as long as spikelet, cartilaginous, 3-nerved, surface striate, margin flat, apex apiculate. Anthers 3, 0.5 mm long, purple. Stigma purple. Caryopsis with adherent
pericarp.
Notes
Found in China, India, Indo-China, Malesia, and Papuasia.
Distribution at Sulawesi
Southeast: Kendari, Alt. 0 m.
Habitat
Sand, mixed with Imperata cylindrica.
Specimen examined
Kjellberg 381 BO.
29.2 . Digitaria bicornis Lam. Roem. Schult. Syst. Veg. 2:470. 1817.
