flimsy, wiry, erect or decumbent, often rooting at nodes, rhizomatous or tufted, forming tussocks. Internodes hollow. Blades linear. Auricle absent. Ligule a short
unfringed or fringed membrane. Plants bisexual. Inflorescence linear or arched or nodding, short spike-like loose racemes. Spikelets elongated usually solitary
pedicellate or subsessile. Floret 5-22 bisexual or uppermost floret sometimes reduced and sterile. Glumes dissimilar, persistent and stiff. Lemma herbaceous to
membraneous, 7–9-nerved and with a straight terminal awn; hairy callus absent. Palea oblong and ciliate. Lodicule 2, ciliolate, free and membraneous. Stamen 3. Ovary
with apex hairy or villous. Stigma 2, white plumose. Weed species, adapted to disturbed habitats, ornamental, open habitats.
12.1. Brachypodium sylvaticum Huds. P. Beauv. Ess. Agrostogr. 101, 155, pl.3,
f.115. 1812. Festuca sylvatica Huds. Fl. Angl. 1: 38. 1762.
Bromus dumosus Vill., Hist. Pl. Dauphine 2: 119. 1787. Agropyron sylvaticum Huds. Chevall. Fl. Gen. Env. Paris 2: 196. 1827.
Brachypodium gracile f. pubescens Peterm. Fl. Lips. Excurs. : 70. 1838. Brachypodium sylvaticum subsp. dumosum Vill. Tzvelev. Spisok Rast. Gerb.
Fl. SSSR Bot. Inst. Vsesojuzn. Akad. Nauk 18: 21. 1970. Plants perennial, smooth, unbranched, slender, weak, geniculate at the base.
Culms up to 100 cm long, hollow, pilose or hairy. Nodes pubescent; internodes smooth. Sheaths smooth, pilose. Ligule 2-5 mm long, an eciliate membrane. Blades
10-40 cm by 2-11 mm, surface scabrous. Inflorescence composed of racemes. Racemes 4-22 cm long, single, drooping, bilateral, bearing 3-14 fertile spikelets on
each; spikelet packing broadside to rachis, lax, 2-rowed. Spikelets ascending, solitary; fertile spikelets pedicelled; pedicells 0.5-2 mm long, linear or oblong. Fertile spikelets
comprising 15 fertile florets, lanceolate, laterally compressed, 30 mm long, breaking up at maturity, disarticulating below each fertile floret. Glumes similar, persistent,
shorter than spikelet. Lower glume 6 mm long, lanceolate, shorter than the upper glume, membraneous, without keels, 5-7-nerved, apex acuminate, surface pubescent.
Upper glume 8 mm long, as long as adjacent fertile lemma, membraneous, without keels, 7-9-nerved, apex acuminate, surface pubescent. Florets: fertile lemma oblong,
without keel, 7-nerved. Lemma apex acute, surface pubescent, principal awn apical 10 mm long. Palea as long as lemma, oblong, keels ciliolate. Anthers 3, 4 mm long.
Notes Found in Europe, Africa, Asia, Austalasia, and South America. Invasive grass.
Distribution at Sulawesi
South: G. Asoemtatoempang, Alt. 2500 m; Mt. Bonthain, Alt. 2000 m, and 2640 m.
Habitat
Grasslands, open habitats, riparian forests, forest edges.
Specimen examined
Toxopeus 12 BO; Bunnemeijer 12083 BO; Lasut 1039, 1040 WALL.
Tribe 7. CENTOTHECEAE Ridl. Mat. Fl. Malay. Penins. 3: 122. 1907. Type:
Centotheca P. Beauv. Nouv. Bull. Sci. Philom. Paris 2: 189. 1810. Centothecinae Benth. J. Linn. Soc., Bot. 19: 31. 1881.
Zeugitinae Caro, Dominguezia 4: 41. 1982.
Plants annual, or perennial. Blades broad with cross nerves and sometimes with a pseudopetiole. Ligule a short scarious rim, or ciliolate. Inflorescence a panicle,
or composed of racemes. Spikelets all alike, laterally compressed. Floret 1 to many; upper florets reduced, disarticulating below each floret, or falling entire. Glumes
herbaceous, shorter than lemma, 3-7-nerved, apex entire; lemmas herbaceous, similar to glumes, 5-9-nerved, awnless, or shortly awned from apex. Caryopsis ellipsoid, or
trigonous.
Key to the genera
1.a. Inflorescence a panicle; spikelets breaking up above glumes; lemmas awnless
……………………………………………………………......16. Centotheca
b. Inflorescence of loose, or dense unilateral racemes; spikelets falling entire;
……………………...……………………………………….56. Lopatherum Genus description and key to the species
16.
CENTOTHECA Desv. Type: Centotheca Lappacea L.. Desv. Nouv. Bull. Sci.
Soc. Philom. Paris 2: 189. 1810; Blumea 19: 57-60. 1971; Kew Bull. 273: 447-450. 1972; Taxon 30: 615. 1981; Taxon 334: 705. 1984; Taxon 372: 434-477. 1988.
Ramosia Merr. Philipp. J. Sci. 11: 2. 1916.
From the Greek kenteo “to prick, torture, torment, sting, spur, pierce” and theke “a case, sheath”, alluding to the prickly glumes, to the spines on the lemma, to prickly
hairs within the spikelet on the upper lemmas.
About 4 species, tropical West Africa, tropical Asia, Pasifik, India, China, Sri Lanka. Plants perennial or annual, unarmed, tufted, ascending to erect, knotty base,
rhizomatous or caespitose, persistent, flowering culms leafy. Culms nodes glabrous, internodes solid. Auricle present or absent. Sheath strongly nerved. Ligule a short
rim or an unfringed membrane. Blades elliptic or linear to lanceolate. Plants bisexual and unarmed. Inflorescence an ascending panicle; the terminal floret rudimentary;
upper floret ofen with reflexed bristles. Spikelets with pedicels hispid, breaking up at maturity. Glumes herbaceous and oblong-lanceolate. Lemmas apiculate and awnless.
Palea present. Lodicules 2 or absent. Stamen 2-3. Ovary glabrous. Stigma 2. Forest shade.
16.1.
Centotheca lappacea L. Desv. Nouv. Bull. Sci. Soc. Philom. Paris 2: 189.
1810. Cenchrus lappaceus L., Sp. Pl. ed.2 : 1488. 1763.
Centotheca latifolia Trin. Fund. Agrost. : 141. 1820. Centotheca parviflora Andersson. Naturw. Reise Mossambique 559. 1864.
Festuca ciliaris Heyne. Syst. Veg. 2: 728. 1817. Holcus latifolius Osbeck. Dagb. Ostind. Resa 247. 1757.
Melica diandra Roxb. Fl. Ind., ed. 1820 1: 329. 1820. Panicum festuciforme Hochst. ex Hook. f. Fl. Brit. India 332. 1896.
Poa latifolia G. Forst. Fl. Ins. Austr. : 4, no. 44. 1786.
Plants perennial, caespitose. Culms 25-90 cm long, tufted, rather coarse, robust, rhizomatous, erect or ascending, solitary, sometimes rooting at the lower nodes, woody
roots. Sheaths hairy margins and strongly nerved. Ligule membraneous, 3 mm long. Blades 6-9 cm by 1.2-2.5 cm, nervation with disticnt cross nerves, surface glabrous,or
pilose, with tubercle-based hairs. Inflorescence an opened panicle, 10-30 cm long, contracted about primary branches, primary branches bearing spikelets almost to the
base. Spikelets solitary: fertile spikelets pedicelled; pedicels 1-3 mm long, filiform. Fertile spikelets comprising 2-3 fertile florets, with diminished florets at the apex,
lanceolate, 5-9 mm long, lanceolate, laterally compressed, falling entire, deciduous
with the pedicel. Glumes similar, shorter than spikelet. Lower glume 2.5 mm long, 0.8 length of upper glume, ovate, 1-keeled, 3-5-nerved, primary nerves scaberulous, apex
acute, mucronate. Upper glume 3.3 mm long, 0.9 times length of adjacent fertile lemma, 1-keeled, 3-5-nerved, primary nerve scaberulous, apex acute, mucronate.
Florets: fertile florets with the lowest dissimilar; lemma glabrous, oblong, 3.5 mm long, without keel, 5-7-nerved, surface hispid, with reflexed hairs, apex emarginate,
mucronate. Palea 0.5 times length of lemma, oblanceolate, 2-nerved, apex pubescent. Lodicules 2, cuneate. Anthers 2, 0.5-0.8 mm long.
Notes
Found in Africa, China, India, Indo-China, Malesia, and Pasific. Dispersal by reflexed spines, moderately palatable, good fodder, grazed by cattle, usually animals
avoid eating the seed heads, medicinal value, weed species. Distribution at Sulawesi
North: North slope of Mt. Kalabat, Alt. 500 m; Bolaang Mongondow, Bogani Nani Wartabone National Park, Mt. Mogogonipa, Alt. 270 m, c. 0
29’ N 123 58’ E;
Minahasa, Tonsealama, Alt. 700 m; Kayuwatu, Alt. 50 m; Pakuure; Ranoketang; Manado, Kayuragi, Alt. 12 m; Minahasa, Pinamorongan, Kayuwatu, Alt. 500 m;
Pinamorongan, Kakas, Alt. 500 m; Manado, Singkil, Buha, Alt. 20 m; Gorontalo; Sangihe, Siau; Talaud, Karakelang, Alt. 100 m 40 m. Central: Toboli Parigi, Alt.
600 m; Lindu, Alt. 1000 m; Toro village, Mt Nokilalaki; 57 km north of Palu; 35 km Palu to parigi. South: Maros, Tompolebalang, Samalea Hill. Salayar, Djampea, Alt. c.
200 m; Kalao, Alt. c. 100 m; Salayar, Alt. c. 50 m; Maros, Bantimurung. Southeast: Buton Island, Kaboengka; Kendari, Alt. 100 m.
Habitat
Common in shaded places; Forest; More or less disturbed primary forest, on margin and slope of deep ravine, deep clayey volcanic soil.
Specimen examined
Kjellberg 203, 447 BO; Soenarko 367 BO; Forman 251 BO; Vogel Vermeulen 6880 BO; leg. ign. 12 BO; leg. ign. 55, 18, 28 BO; Wisse 100 BO;
Koorders 17233 β, 17228 β, 17229 β, 17230 β, 17231 β, 17232 β, 17234 β BO;
Leeuwen 1562, 1501, 1670 BO; Leefmans s.n. BO; Lam 2647, 2781 BO; Rustiami 360 WALL; Widjaja 8024 WALL; Lasut 100, 628, 712 WALL.
56.
LOPHATHERUM Brongn. Type: Lophatherum gracile Brongn. Voy. Monde
22: 50, pl. 8. 1829. Acroelytrum Steud. Flora 29: 20. 1846.
Allelotheca Steud. Syn. Pl. Glumac. 1: 117. 1854; Grass. Burma, Ceylon, India Pakistan i-xviii, 1-767. 1960.
From the Greek lophos “a crest or tuft of hairs”, and ather “beard of wheat”, referring to the tuft of awns on the sterile lemmas.
About 2 species, Asia, Australasia, and Pasifik. Plants perennial, tufted, erect. Blades broad, with many distinct cross-nerves. Inflorescence a panicle of few
branches. Spikelets all alike, slender, jointed to very short stalks, falling as a whole when mature, the rachilla not jointed. Glumes dissimilar, shorter than the spikelet.
Lowest floret only fertile, with lemma and palea; above this several neuter florets, each represented by a small lemma ending in a short rough awn, the awns forming a small
tuft at the apex of the spikelet. 56.1.
Lophatherum gracile Brongn. Voy. Monde 22: 50, pl. 8. 1829.
Acroelytrum japonicum Steud. Flora 29: 21. 1846. Alletotheca urvillei Steud. Syn. Pl. Glumac. 1: 117. 1854.
Lophatherum dubium Steud. Syn. Pl. Glumac. 1: 300. 1854; Grass. Burma, Ceylon, India Pakistan i-xviii, 1-767. 1960.
Plants perennial, caespitose, short and branched rhizome, and simple culms. Culms 50 cm long, thick 1 – 2 mm, erect, tufted, compressed, hollow, glabrous. Nodes
glabrous; internodes 4-9 cm. Sheaths 5 – 11 cm, glabrous to sparsely hairy, with transverse nerve, margin ciliate. Ligule an eciliate membrane, truncate. Blades 20 cm
by 30 mm, with transverse glabrous to sparsely hairy, pseudopetiole 5 – 15 cm long, and densely short-hairy. Inflorescence 18 – 30 cm long, panicle, branches 4 – 16,
solitary or in pairs, 1 – 15 cm long, angular, scabrid. Pedicels very short, 0.5 mm long, rather stout, with crown of hairs at apex. Spikelets single, 10 mm long with awn
2 mm long, somewhat laterally flattened, 4 – 12-flowered with first floret bisexual and second – 12
th
sterile, awned. Glumes and lower lemma with a few sinuous transverse nerves. Lower glume 4 mm long, ovate-elliptic with obtuse tip, hairy on the margins
at half above, 5-nerved with prominent midnerve. Upper glume 6 mm long, ovate- oblong, with obtuse-rounded tip, 5 – 7-nerved, with prominent midnerve, lateral nerves
thin. Lower lemma 5.5 mm long, ovate-oblong with narrowed obtuse tip, with 1 mm long straight, retrorsely scabrous awn, 7 – 9-nerved. Lower palea slightly shorter, with
prominent nerves. Stamens 2. Anthers 2, 1.5 mm long, pale yellow. Ovary with feathery stigmata diverging from its tip. Lodicule 2, minute, quadrate. Caryopsis 4
mm long, fusiform, dark brown.
Notes
Found in China, India, Indo-China, Malesia, and Australia. On Eyma 1479 the sheath c. a half long than the internodes – usually on this species the sheaths are longer
than the internodes. According to Backer and Bakhuizen 1968 the dispersal by adhering spikelets.
Distribution at Sulawesi
Central: Mt. Nokilalaki, Alt. 1025 m. South: Singkalong-Lore biv. Celebes .O.A. Masamba, Alt. 1100-1200 m. Southeast: Kendari, Alt. 100 m; G. Papelia,
Ranometo, Alt. 80 m. Habitat
Shaded, not to dry nor to moist situations, disturbed primary forest.
Specimen examined
Lasut 766 WALL; Eyma 1479 BO; Kjellberg 414 BO, Amir 143 BO.
Tribe 8. CYNODONTEAE Dumort. Observ. Gramin. Belg. 83, 90, 140. 1824.
Type: Cynodon Rich. nom. cons. Syn. Pl. 1: 85. 1805. Aeluropodeae Nevski. Trudy Bot. Inst. Akad. Nauk S.S.S.R., Ser. 1, Fl. Sist.
Vyssh. Rast. 4: 336. 1937. Unioleae Clayton C.S. Campb. J. Arnold Arboretum 66: 166. 1985; Kew
Bull. 37: 417. 1982.
Plants annual, or perennial. Blades linear to ovate. Ligule a short membrane with ciliate or ciliolate margin. Inflorescence composed of racemes; racemes solitary,
digitate, or scattered along an axis, tough, unilateral bilateral and axis fragile in Lepturus, persistent, or sometimes racemes very short, contracted into a cylindrical
spikelike inflorescence and falling entire from the main axis, or spikelets borne directly on main axis. Spikelets with 1 fertile floret, with or without additional sterile
florets, disarticulating above glumes but not between florets, or falling entire. Glumes herbaceous, 1-3-nerved 5-12-nerved in Lepturus, shorter than floret, or exceeding
and enclosed it, sometimes lower glume absent. Lemmas membraneous to leathery, keeled or rounded, 1-3-nerved, lateral nerves near margins and often ciliate, apex
entire, or with 2-3-5-lobed, awned or awnless. Caryopsis sometimes with free pericarp.
Key to the Genera
1.a. Inflorescence a single bilateral raceme; rachis tough; spikelets not in cavities; glumes 1-3-nerved …………………………………………………………...2
b. Inflorescence not a single bilateral raceme; rachis fragile; spikelets sunk in
cavities of rachis; glumes 5-12-nerved ………………………...55. Lepturus
2.a. Inflorescence cylindrical; racemes very short, borne along axis, deciduous ………………………………………………………………………………..3
b. Inflorescence not cylindrical; racemes digitate, scattered, or solitary, persistent, rarely deciduous ………………………………………………….4
3.a. Glumes papery, scabrous …………………………………………69. Perotis b. Glumes smooth, glossy …………………………………………...93. Zoysia
4.a. Fertile floret solitary………………………….…………………23. Cynodon
b. Fertile floret accompanied …………………………………………………...5
5.a. Glumes deciduous ………………………………………………32. Ectrosia
b. Glumes persistent ……………………………………………………………6 6.a. Spikelets dark brown; upper glume with stout subapical awn ………………..
…………………………………………………………………41. Eustachys b. Spikelets pallid, or purplish; upper glume at most with fine mucro …………7
7.a. Lemma keeled; caryopsis subterete ……………………...............18. Chloris
b. Lemma back flat; caryopsis dorsally compressed ………....35. Enteropogon
Genus description and key to the species 18.
CHLORIS Sw. Type: Chloris cruciata L. Sw. Prodr. 1, 25. 1788.
Actinochloris Steud. Nomencl. Bot. 1 ed. 2: 352. 1840. Agrostomia Cerv. Naturaleza Mexico City 1: 345. 1870.
Apogon Steud. Nomencl. Bot. 1 ed. 2: 352. 1840. Pterochloris A. Camus. Bull. Mus. Hist. Nat. Paris 29: 349. 1957.
After the Greek goddess of flowers, Chloris, daughter of Amphion. About 55 species, Africa, Asia, Australasia, Pasific, North and South America.
Plants perennial or annual, habitat variable, 2-3 awns, herbaceous, slender, erect and decumbent or prostate, forming spreading tussocks, caespitose, rhizomatous or
stoloniferous. Auricle absent. Sheaths keeled and chartaceous. Ligule a fringed membrane. Blades linear and scabrous. Plants bisexual. Inflorescence spicate and
digitate or subdigitate or very rarely single. Spikelets laterally flattened and arranged on a short axis; rachilla non-articulated; hidden cleistogenes absent or present; 1
perfect basal floret, 1 to several sterile florets above. Glumes dissimilar and keeled. Upper glume acute or 2-toothed; fertile lemma awned and keeled. Palea present.
Lodicule 2, free and fleshy in bisexual florets. Stamen 3. Ovary glabrous. Stigma 2.
Weed species aggressive, cultivated useful fodder, valuable for forage, tussock grass, native pasture species, decorative flower heads, reports of high contents of
cyanogenic glycosides, ruderal species on disturbed ground, growing in poor soil, dry open habitats, grassland, rainforest.
18.1. Chloris barbata L. Sw. Fl. Ind. Occid. 1: 200. 1797.
