CHAPTER II LITERATURE REVIEW
2.1. Definition of Translation
There are many definitions of translation. Those definitions reflect the theorists’ point of view toward the translation practice and translation itself.
Larson says in her book Meaning-Based Translation: A Guide to Cross-language Equivalence, “Translation is basically a change of form. When we speak of the
form of a language, we are referring to the actual words, phrases, clauses, sentences, paragraphs, etc., which are spoken or written. … In translation the form
of the source language is replaced by the form of the receptor target language.” In the same vein, Roger T. Bell states in his book Translation and Translating:
Theory and Practice, “Translation is the expression in another language or target language of what has been expressed in another, source language, preserving
semantic and stylistic equivalences.” 1991:5. Furthermore, Brislin states, “Translation is the general term referring to
the transfer of thoughts and ideas from one language source to another target, whether the languages are in written or oral form; whether the languages have
established orthographies or do not have such standardization or whether one or both languages is based on signs, as with sign language of the deaf.” 1976:1
Catford also adds, “Translation is the replacement of textual material in one language by equivalent textual material in another language.” Catford, 1965:20
It is obviously different from what has already been stated by Brislin’s that
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translation is to transfer thoughts and ideas from one language SL to another language TL, either in oral and written form. Translation is not merely replacing
a certain textual material in one language SL with the equal textual material in another language TL, but also transferring the ideas and thoughts put forward by
the speaker.
2.2. Process of Translation
There are many principle steps in conducting translation. According to Nida’s concept, the process of translating is in the following procedure: 1
analysis, 2 transferring, 3 restructuring. It is further described in the following diagram:
The Process of Translation A Source
Receptor
Analysis Restructuring
X Transfer
Y Nida Taber, 1974:33
The model given above can be explained as follows: 1. Analysis: Here, the translator analyzes the text or the statement from the
linguistic aspects, in such: the grammatical relationship between words, the meaning of word or group of words, including contextual, textual meaning
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and socio-cultural meaning. Thus, the translator has to understand the message of the source language completely.
2. Transfer: The translator transfers the source language or the original language into the target language or the receptor language, as stated by Nida and Taber,
“…transfer, in which the analyzed material is transferred in the mind of the translator from language A to B.” 1974:33
3. Restructuring: In this phase, the translator restructures the text or statement in the receptor language so that it will sound more natural and the target reader
will easily catch the whole message. Nida and Taber states, “Restructuring in the transferred material is restructured in order to make final message is fully
acceptable in the receptor language.”1974:33
2.3. Types of Translation
Kategori