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Definition of Teacher Feedback

B. Teacher Indirect Feedback

1. Definition of Teacher Feedback

In the teaching and learning of language, feedback, indeed, takes an important role related to the improvement of students language learning process. Thus, teachers can use feedback to give their students clear directions of what they have to improve, of why they have to improve, and of how to improve their skills. The statement is supported by Lewis who defines feedback in two perspectives. Firstly, teacher may define feedback as a tool to provide them information about students’ progress and also evaluation of their own teaching. Secondly, Lewis states that students see feedback as the comments giving them information what their strength and weakness are, why they are wrong, and what to improve. 13 It can be concluded that both teacher and students need feedback as the bridge for informing the ongoing process to achieve the learning goals. In addition, Lewis’ statement about defining feedback based on students’ view is also supported by Ur as cited in Srichanyachon who defines feedback as the way teacher provides learner the information related to their learning activities in order to develop their skills. 14 Moreover, Brookhart adds that feedback is a component in formative assessment informing students’ activities they are doing and helping students decide fresh targets and plans to achieve their goals. 15 It means that by getting feedback, students can be more evaluative about their effort in achieving their goals of learning. It can be concluded that, generally, feedback is a mean or tool used by the teacher to inform students’ learning performances, process, and progress in achieving the goal of the learning. 13 Marilyn Lewis, Giving Feedback in Language Classes, Singapore: SEAMEO Regional Language Centre, 2002, p. 3. 14 Napaporn Srichanyachon, Teacher Written Feedback for L2 Learners’ Writing Development, Silpakorn University Journal of Social Sciences, Humanities, and Arts, 12 1, 2012, p. 8. 15 Susan M. Brookhart, How to Give Effective Feedback to Your Students, Virginia: Association for Supervision and Curriculum Development ASCD, 2008, pp. 1 —2.

2. Indirect Feedback

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