157
Kalor
41C0714A814D;C4 38?0=0A:0=308 IA0?08
I 8:00AA094=8A14A8
?030AC7C I030;07 :6 30=:458A84=C08?0=90=6=G0
K
J
I 78BC=6;070AA094=8A14A8?030AC7C
I
8
8:4B07C8 :6
3
K
J
K
J
I I
+;C414A8A4B4;0738?0=0A:0=030;07 .
K
J
I
I 4B4;0738?0=0A:0=D;C414=3014C107B4B0?80AA0=G0B4B0?
3
7.200 kg 1,033 m
m V
:6 0380AA094=8A14A84=9038:6
Contoh
7.6
b. Pemuaian Zat Cair
030CC=G0?4C080=H0B20870=G030?0B3800B84;0;C8?4C107 0=D;C4=G0 8:0A41C071490=064;0AG0=6148A80870?8?4=C7
38?0=0A:0=A4B4;07:4=08:0=AC7C080:0=BC?0748AB8E0B4A41CB 30?0B38B40=6:0=A410608148:CB
C0=6640:?0B8:4;?030H0B208;418714A0308?030C0=6640: ?0B8:4;?030H0B?030B 8:0:43C0H0B8BC4=60;08?40=0A0=A4200
14A000=?0B8:4;?030H0B208;4187;4;C0A014640:3810=38=6:0= 34=60=?0B8:4;H0B?030B;47:04=08BCD;C408;418724?0B14
B0107308?030D;C41490=064;0AA478=660080:0=BC?0748AB8E0 B4A41CB4=C=9C::0=107E0:458A84=C08D;C4H0B208;418714A0
308?030:458A84=C08D;C4H0B?030B c.
Anomali Air
4;07=30:4B07C8107E098:0H0B?030BH0B20830=60A38?0=0A:0= H0BH0B B4A41CB 0:0= 4C08 A488=6 34=60= :4=08:0= AC7C 030
?40=0A0=0803070;4=08:G0=630?0B3800B88A0;:0==30 40=0A:0=0814AC7C IA410=G0:
2
80=B00AC7C I 30=
ID;C4080:0=4=GCACBB4B0?80AA0=G0B4B0?A478=6600AA0
94=8A=G0=08: 8:0?40=0A0=38B4CA:0=A0?08380B0A
ID;C408 0:0=4C08A4?4B8H0BH0BG0=6;08=850B?4C080=08G0=6B830:
B40BC 8=8 38A41CB A4?4B8 38?4;870B:0= 6058: ?030
.3
086058:B4A41CBB0?0:107E0308 IA0?08
ID;C408 B4CA4=GCACBA0?08:C0=6308
2
4C380=380B0AAC7C
I D;C4084C08
=BC: 0AA0 G0=6 A00 ?030 AC7C I D;C4 4A ;4187 14A0 308?030D;C40840B80AA094=8A4A;4187:428;308?0300AA0
94=8A 08 :04=0 0AA0 94=8A 1410=38=6 B410;8: 34=60= D;C4 BC;07A4101=G01=6:070=4A30?0B4=60?C=6380B0A08
Gambar 7.9
Grafik peristiwa anomali air
1.0000 1.0002
1.0004 1.0006
1.0008 1.0010
1.0012 1.0014
1.0016
18 16
12 8
4 Suhu °C
V olume cm
3
Sumber:
Physics, 1980
Kata Kunci
• kalor
• energi
• kalor jenis
• kapasitas kalor
• hukum kekekalan energi untuk
kalor •
titik didih •
kalor uap •
kalor embun •
kalor lebur •
kalor beku •
koefisien muai panjang •
koefisien muai volume •
koefisien muai luas
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158
Mudah dan Aktif Belajar Fisika untuk Kelas X
d. Pemuaian Gas 030
2643-44;0:C:0=?42100=G0=64=C=9C::0=
107E0A4C060A4C0834=60=:458A84=C08G0=6A00G08BCA4 14A0
4=CCB=G0 98:0 A4C0 60A 38?0=0A:0= D;C4 30= B4:0=0==G014C107
.6415,551 470B8:0= .3 41C07B01C=6:0;4=6BCBC?=G038148
?8?0:428;G0=6C9C=6=G038?0A0=6810;=:4?4A 8:0B01C=6B4A41CB 38?0=0A:0=AC7C60AG0=6140303830;0B01C=60:0==08:030:4
0300=8BC?0B8:4;60A14640:A0;8=61434A0:0=:4A460;000730= 0AC::430;010;=4;0;C8?8?0A478=66010;=414A048AB8E0
B4A41CB4=C=9C::0=B4;07B49038?4C080=60A3830;0B01C=6?030 B4:0=0=B4B0?A0034=60=B4:0=0=C30038;C0B01C=6
058:AC7CB47030?D;C4?030?A4A?40=0A0=60A34=60= B4:0=0=B4B0?B0?0:?030.3
086010B4A41CBB0?0:107E098:0B4:0=0=60AB4B0?D;C4 60A1410=38=6;CCA34=60=AC7C=G04;0=9CB=G0?4=G0B00=8=838A4
1CBC:C70;4A 42000B40B8A7C:C8=838BC;8A
0B0C J
4B40=60= D;C40E0;
D;C460AA4B4;0738?0=0A:0= AC7C0E0;
AC7C60AA4B4;0738?0=0A:0= 4A0=G0?4B01070=D;C460AA00B38?0=0A:0=44=C78?4
A000=G0=6A0034=60=14A0=G0?4B01070=D;C4H0B?030BG08BC J
;47:04=0 30=
1 273
0:0
.44170-6.551 470B8:0= .3
030 10680= C9C=6 ?8?0 38BCBC? 0?0B
34=60= AC10B ?00;= 8:0 B01C=6 ?030 .3
38?0=0A:0= D;C460AB4B0?:810B=G0B4:0=0=60A14B010714A0 038?030
?40=0A0=8=8D;C460AB4B0?A430=6:0=B4:0=0==G014C107 =3030?0B4=64B07C87C1C=60=0=B00:4=08:0=AC7C30=B4
:0=0= ?030 ?40=0A0= 60A ?030 D;C4 B4B0? 34=60= 4;0:C:0= ?42100=148:CB
J
Gambar 7.10
Gas dipanaskan pada tekanan tetap pipa
balon
tabung kaleng
balon sebelum
memuai
bunsen
Gambar 7.11
Volume gas sebagai fungsi dari suhu pada pemanasan gas dengan tekanan
tetap. 100
200 300
400 500
V
TK
Gambar 7.12
Gas dipanaskan pada volume tetap pipa
sumbat
tabung
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159
Kalor
Aktivitas Fisika 7.2
Hubungan Suhu dan Tekanan Tujuan Percobaan
Mengetahui hubungan antara kenaikan suhu dan tekanan.
Alat-Alat Percobaan Alat ukur Bourdon, termometer raksa, tabung gas, pembakar bunsen, dan kaki
tiga.
Langkah-Langkah Percobaan 1.
Rancanglah peralatan tersebut seperti pada Gambar 7.13. Pastikan tidak ada kebocoran gas dalam tabung.
2. Setelah terjadi kesetimbangan termal antara termometer dan gas dalam
tabung, catat suhu awal gas terlihat pada termometer dan tekanan udara terlihat pada alat Bourdon.
3. Panaskan tabung dengan pembakar bunsen. Catat kenaikan suhu udara dan
tekanan udara dalam tabung pada suatu tabel. 4.
Dari tabel tersebut, buatlah grafik suhu terhadap tekanan gas. 5.
Buatlah kesimpulan dari kegiatan ini.
Gambar 7.13
Perangkat percobaan untuk mengetahui hubungan antara
kenaikan suhu dan tekanan. Bourdon
termometer raksa
bunsen kaki
tiga
42100=A4C?034=60=:4680B0=B4A41CB?4=0738;0:C:0=?00 07;88A8:00870A8;?42100=G0=644:0;0:C:0=38?4;476058:
B4:0=0=60AB47030?AC7C?030D;C4B4B0?1414=BC:608A;CCA;870B :410;8.3
42000B40B8:0608A8=844=C78?4A000=
0B0C 4B40=60=
B4:0=0=60A0B AC7C60A
:=AB0=B0 08?4A000=
38:4B07C8107E0B4:0=0=60A1410=38=6
;CCA 34=60= AC7C=G0 ?030 D;C4 B4B0? 4;0=9CB=G0 ?4=G0B00= B4A41CB38A41CBC:C0GCAA02
J
Gambar 7.14
Grafik tekanan terhadap suhu
TK pPa
Tes Kompetensi Subbab
A
3+,--.6,6-5 8BC=610=G0::0;G0=638?4;C:0=C=BC:4=6C107
0
:64A308 I4=903808 I 1 64A308 I4=9038C0?
I
41C0764;0A148A8 608?030 I40?0604A G0=6AC7C=G0J I70CA3820?C:430;008
A478=660AC7C0:7820?C0=4A30=084=9038 I 38:4B07C8:0;94=8A08
:6108:0=
?4BC:00=:0;34=60=64;0A 0301490=0G0=6148A8 60814AC7C I380AC:
:0=4A10;:G0=60AA0=G0 614AC7CJ
I 8BC=6;07AC7C0:7820?C0=30=0AA04AG0=64;41C
4B8=6680=08B49C=38:4B07C8
8:0A4;CC74=468 4:0=8:38C1074=90384=468:0;:0;94=8A08
:630=
A 78BC=6;07:4=08:0=AC7C
08B49C=A4B4;0790BC7 4BC=9C:6C=0:0=?4A000=4=468?B4=A80;
4=468:0;C=BC:4=08::0=AC7C 40?0 10=G0:=G0 :0; G0=6 38?4;C:0= C=BC:
4=6C1074AJ G0=60AA0=G0
604=9038
08 98:0:0;94=8A4A :0;6I:0;94=8A08
:0;6I30=:0;;41C4A :0;6470B8:0= 6010148:CB
–5°C 0°C
0°C 20°C
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160
Mudah dan Aktif Belajar Fisika untuk Kelas X
B. Perpindahan Kalor
8:08=68=40A0:0838?4;C:0=:0;G0=6140A0;3080?8:? 030?40=0A0=A4?0=2808C;0C;0:0;3080?8:?14?8=307
:4?0=28B4?0B08:4C380=:0;308?0=28B4A41CB14?8=307:408 4?8=3070=:0;B4903830814=3014AC7CB8=668?0=0A:414=30
14AC7C;41874=30738=68=4=30G0=6?0=0A4148:0=:0;:4 ?03014=30G0=638=68=40=308=G0:0;B830:30?0B14?8=3070:0=
AC;8BC=BC:40A0:08A4101:0;3080?8:?B830:30?0B14?8=307 :408
30 B860 14=BC: ?4?8=3070= :0; G08BC 70=B00= +0;80=30=?0=200=
1. Perpindahan Kalor Secara Konduksi
8A0;:0==3040=0A:0=A0;07A0BCC9C=610B0=6;60A4?4B8 .3
4=BC=G0?0B8:4;?0B8:4;?030C9C=6;60G0=638?0=0A8
1464B0;418724?0B40:8=14A09C;07:0;G0=638148:0=:4?030 C9C=6 ;60 8BC A40:8= 24?0B 64B00= ?0B8:4;=G0 410680= 4=468
:8=4B8:G0=6388;8:8?0B8:4;G0=61464B0B4A41CB38148:0=:4?030 ?0B8:4;?0B8:4; 38 34:0B=G0 4;0;C8 BC1C:0= :810B=G0 ?0B8:4;
?0B8:4;G0=638BC1C:8BC8:CB1464B0348:80=A4B4CA=G078=660 64B00=?0B8:4;A0?08:4C9C=6;60G0=6B830:38?0=0A8
4010B0=64B00=?0B8:4;B4A41CB38A4B0834=60=?4010B0= :0;308C9C=6;60G0=638?0=0A8A0?08:4C9C=6;60G0=6B830:
38?0=0A8:810B=G0C9C=6;60G0=6B830:38?0=0A84=9038?0=0A 010B0=:0;8=8B830:38A4B0834=60=?4?8=3070=?0B8:4;?0B8:4;
;60 38A41CB
0B0C .3 4?4;870B:0=A410B0=6;6034=60=;C0A?4=0?0=6
30=?0=90=610B0=6 38?0=0A:0=A0;07A0BCC9C=6=G0030?48AB8E0 B4A41CB:0;0:0=4010B:4C9C=6A414;07:0=0=G0=6AC7C=G0
;41874=307430A0:0=?4=4;8B80=G0=6B4;0738;0:C:0=38?4;47 107E0?4?8=3070=:0;A4200:=3C:A81460=BC=6?03094=8A;60
;C0A ?4=0?0=6 ?4=670=B0 :0; ?414300= AC7C 308 C9C=6C9C=6 ;60B4?0B:0;4010BA4B0?0=90=690;0=G0=638;0;C8;47:0;
4?8=3070=:0;A4B80?A0BC0=E0:BC38CCA:0=A410608148:CB
Gambar 7.15
Contoh perpindahan kalor secara konduksi.
Gambar 7.16
Hantaran kalor T
1
T
2
A
J J
J 4B40=60=
:0;G0=64010B?4A0BC0=E0:BC A0B0CE0BB :458A84=:=3C:A8B40;H0B A0B0C,
;C0A?4=0?0=610B0=6 ?0=90=610B0=6
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