Table 2.1. The Basic Competences for Listening Skill
4.4 Comprehending short and simple private invitation and greeting
card.
4.11 Comprehending short and simple descriptive texts in written and spoken form.
4.14 Comprehending short and simple recount texts in written and spoken form about actionsevents happened in the past.
4.16 Comprehending short and simple messages and notices. 4.18 Comprehending short and simple narrative texts in written and
spoken form in the form of fabel. 4.19 Comprehending songs.
The detailed information of the core competences and basic competences can be seen in Appendix D.
3. Materials Development
According to Tomlinson 1998, materials are anything which are used by teachers or learners to facilitate their learning process. In order to develop the
materials, the developer should conduct needs analysis which consists of the target needs and the learning needs. This action is done in order to get some information
related to the necessities, lacks, and wants of the students Hutchinson and waters: 1987.
Necessities are the knowledge or materials that the learners have to know. Meanwhile, lacks are the materials that the learners know and do not know already.
The last, wants, are defined as what the learners think they need. Those three things are very important to obtain before the materials are developed. It makes the
materials suitable for the needs of the students.
To get the information needed, there are several ways that can be done by the researcher such as through observation, surveys, questionnaire, interviews,
situation analysis, and so on. In developing learning materials, the developer should do it systematically. It means that there should be steps to be followed by the
developer to make good learning materials. The process should be well organized. Below is the diagram which contains some steps of developing learning
materials stated by Jolly and Bolito in Tomlinson 1998:98:
Figure 2.2. Steps of Developing Learning Materials
Based on the diagram, there were some adaptations made. To develop learning materials, the developer starts by doing identification of the needs or commonly
called by needs analysis. After it is identified, the results are used as the basis to develop the syllabus of the materials. After it is developed, the materials must be
evaluated by the evaluator or validator. He judges whether it has meet the students’
needs or not. From the diagram above, we can also see that the process of making the materials is not a linear way since it goes on according to the learners’ needs.
Exploration of needs Contextual realization of materials
Pedagogical realization of materials Production of the materials
Student use of materials Evaluation of the material against agreed objectives
