believes that poetry has two structures, which are physical structure and mental structure. Each of these elements has its essential points which will be
described as follows:
a. Physical Structure of Poetry
Linguistic or physical structure of poetry is called as method of poetry. The form elements or physical structure of poetry can be
described in the method of poetry, which is aesthetic structure that builds outer structure of the poetry. Those elements can be analyzed
one by one, but still, it constitutes as a unified whole.
30
There are several elements which contained in physical structure of poetry,
namely: diction, imagery, concrete words, figurative language or figure of speech, diversification, and typography.
1. Diction, that is the selection of word which made by the poet in
his or her poetry. As a form of literature which only have few words but can express many things, the words must be chosen
as careful as possible. The selection of word in poetry is closely related to meaning, sound‘s harmony, and word order.
31
2. Imagery, that is a word order which may reveal sensory
experience, such as vision, hearing, and feeling. Imagery can be divided into three, namely sound imagery auditory, visual
imagery, and touch imagery tactile image.
32
With these elements, a reader is expected to see, hear, or feel what the poet
experienced.
30
Herman J. Waluyo, Teori dan Apresiasi Puisi Jakarta: Erlangga, 1991, p. 71.
31
Ibid, p. 73.
32
Ibid, p. 79.
3. Concrete words, that is the word which can be captured by the
senses that enable an emergence of images. The word itself relates heavily to some figures or signs.
33
4. Figurative language or figure of speech is a use of language
which may revive or increase certain effects and connotations.
34
Figurative language makes a poetry to become prismatic, which means the poetry itself radiates or contains so much meaning.
Figurative language consists of analogy that raises analogical meaning and symbolism that raises symbolical meaning.
35
a. Analogy
Analogy has a broader meaning than style of figurative language, because it represents the whole style of the
language itself. It aims to create a richer, more effective, and more suggestive effect in poetry language.
b. Symbolism
Symbolism is used to clarify meaning and create tone and atmosphere of poetry to become clearer, so it can
arise reader‘s heart. In analogy, something is compared or analogized by other things, but in symbolism,
something is changed or symbolized by something else. There are several kinds of symbol contained in the
physical structure of poetry, namely:
33
Ibid, p. 81.
34
Soedjito, Kosa Kata Bahasa Indonesia Jakarta: Gramedia, 1988, p. 128.
35
Waluyo, Op. Cit., p. 84.
1 Symbol of Color. Color has characteristics of a
particular disposition. Many poets use color to express their feelings or beliefs, such as: Sajak
Putih , Serenada Biru, Ciliwung yang Cokelat,
and Malam Kelabu.
2 Symbol of Object. Symbolism can also use
some objects‘ name to replace something which wants to be spoken by poet. One of the
examples is spotted in Amir Hamzah‘s poetry
which depicts God who love to flip through
human‘s life as a burung yang bercakar or a
clawed bird. 3
Symbol of Sound. Sound that was created by poet also symbolizes a particular feeling or
meaning. Combination of sounds will create a very special atmosphere in poetry.
4 Symbol of Atmosphere. Atmosphere can also
be represented by another, more concrete atmosphere. This symbol of atmosphere is
usually described in a sentence or paragraph.
36
5. Diversification, that is a physical structure of poetry which
associated with rhyme, rhythm, and metrum.
36
Ibid. p. 87-90.
a. Rhyme is a sound equation in poetry, either at the
beginning, middle, or at the end of line in poetry. Rhyme is composed of several kinds, namely:
1 Onomatopoeia. Onomatopoeia is an imitation
of sound. For example like meow for cat and quack for duck.
2 Internal Form of Formal Pattern. The
meaning of internal form here is a form of alliteration, assonance, final equation, initial
equation, intermittent rhyme, half rhyme, full rhyme, repetition of sound, and so on.
b. Repetition of Word or Phrase. Repetition is not only
limited to sound, but might be to word or phrase as well. Repetition of sound, word, or phrase is believed to
provide intellectual effect and purely magical effect. c.
Rhythm is strains which occur due to repetition and change of sound unity in the stream, pressure, and tone
of the sound. d.
Metrum is static repetition of word. Metrum is similar to maat. However, because pressure of word does not
distinguish the word meaning in Indonesian language, it is difficult to find dactylus, anapest, jambe, tracheus,
and so on. Therefore, metrum is hard to find in Indonesian poetry.
6. Typography, that is a form of poetry which is not filled with
words, right-left edge, and row setting, so that poetry does not always begin with a capital letter and end with a dot. These
elements determine heavily to meaning of poetry.
b. Mental Structure of Poetry
