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CHAPTER II THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK
A. Translation
1. Definition of Translation
Translation, as a term, can be defined in many ways. Various definitions of translation can be seen as a reflection of the expert‘s view, who
decides the significance of nature and process of translation. One of the experts who express his thoughts about the definition of translation is Catford, who
argues that translation is the replacement of textual material in one language by equivalent textual material in another language.
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Remember that the reference of textual material by Catford is not merely written text. So translation can also
be derived from unwritten or spoken language. Then, the following translation definition is proposed by Savory, in his
book The Art of Translation. Savory argues that translation is made possible by an equivalent of thought that lies behind its different verbal expressions.
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In his statement, he mentions clearly that the thought of the expressions must be
equivalent, but Savory does not elaborate further about operational matters relating to the process.
The interesting thing from both opinions above is that they highlight the importance of equivalence, just as already mentioned in the previous chapter.
Even though there are slight differences, such as Catford who empasizes
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J. C. Catford, Linguistic Theory of Translation London: Oxford University Press, 1965, p. 20
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Theodore Horace Savory, The Art of Translation London: Jonathan Cape Ltd Publishers, 1968, p. 25
textual material equivalence and Savory who accentuates the thought equivalence, it can be deduced that equivalence is one of the key points in
translation. But it is not the only essential things in translation. At least, Wolfram Wills found that translation is a transfer process which aims at the
transformation of a written SL text into an optimally equivalent text, and which requires the syntactic, the semantic, and the pragmatic understanding and
analytical processing of the SL.
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Here, Wills considers that translation is a process, a transfer, and a trans
formation. Although the word ‗equivalent‘ is still mentioned, but the concentration for the process of translation itself is much
greater. Thus, from several definitions above, it can be inferred that translation
not only concerns in equivalence, but also in transformation process which involves operational matters for transferring message from one language to
another. The intention of transformation process here is a model which intended to explain human‘s thinking process when performing the translation
process. So, in order to achieve equal meaning between two languages, a translation process is needed.
2. Criticism of Translation
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