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realize some competences underlies such as linguistic competence, actional competence, sociocultural competence, and strategic competence. English can be
taught successfully to the students, when all of the competences are taken into account. These components of communicative competence model will form the
foundation of learning objectives to which the instructional speaking activities for the students of second grade of language program at senior high school are oriented.
3. Contextual Teaching and Learning
In developing the instructional speaking materials for the second grade of language program at senior high school, the writer used CTL as a method to facilitate
learning in order to achieve the objective of the course. Therefore, the writer has to learn the content and features of CTL in depth in order to develop the materials
which have the relevance to the theories of CTL.
a. Foundation of Contextual Teaching and Learning
Contextual Teaching and Learning builds upon bodies of the theory in constructivism era. According to Zahorik as quoted by Nurhadi, Yasin, and Senduk
2004: 9, knowledge can be constructed when people bring meaning to their experience. Since people constantly undergo new experience, therefore knowledge is
always dynamic. Through time, knowledge is developing as well as people are developing. When people construct knowledge regarding their previous experience,
they have already learned something. The students then are expected to construct their knowledge based on their experience in learning. The knowledge can help the
students to solve the problems found. PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI
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Another theory comes from the father of progressivism era, John Dewey. As quoted by Kohonen, Jaatinen, Kaikkonen, and Lehtovaara 2001: 24, Dewey
explains that learning can be supported by concrete environment. It appears that the students are able to construct their own knowledge by testing ideas based on their
prior knowledge and experience, applying the ideas to new situations, and integrating the new knowledge. Hence, the students become active participants in problem
solving and critical thinking regarding constructing knowledge through the activities in learning which are relevant to their prior knowledge.
Those theories above become the basis for developing the CTL method. CTL provides the situation or problems as if in the real world covered in issues taken from
society that serve students’ learning experience by developing their critical thinking to solve the problem.
b. Meaning of Contextual Teaching and Learning
Contextual Teaching and Learning is a learning approach that integrates academic content with situations or issues that are meaningful to the students. As
Johnson says, as quoted by Nurhadi et.al, that Contextual Teaching and Learning is a conception of teaching and learning
that helps the teacher relates subject matter content to real world situations and motivates the students to make connections between knowledge and its
application to their lives as family members, citizens, and workers and engage in the hard work that learning requires. 2004:12
Apparently, CTL helps the students to construct the knowledge and own
understanding in mind by engaging with their previous experiences and leads the students to learn by experiencing the learning in created situations like in real life.
Those created situations are covered in several issues taken from society. In the PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI
