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1. Speaking
In this study, the writer will design a set of instructional speaking materials which employs CTL as a learning method. Therefore, the writer needs to study
further about the theories of speaking and its elements so as to develop the proper speaking materials that can be useful in teaching and learning speaking.
a. The Nature of Speaking
Speaking is physically situated in face-to-face interaction. The speaker can see each other and interact through the form of verbal exchange considering the
physical context Widdowson, 1978: 58. It means that the speaker and the listener are supposed to take the same place when they want to communicate, which helps
them to understand each other. The information then may be successfully delivered to the listener. However, speaking can still exist such as communication on the
phone, although the speaker does not meet other speaker. They can understand each other as long as their communication is in the same topic.
Richards and Rodgers 1999: 48 point out that speaking is always formed in real time, in which the speaker would speak right away without having any time to
carefully edit and revise it; while the listener is waiting for him or her. It means that once the speaker gets involved in speaking, he has to prepare to do many things all
together at that moment. The speaker has to be able to understand, think, and say for unexpected or even predicted topic in the communication.
Here, it is clearly explained that speaking is a natural process. It means that the speaker produces speaking naturally in real time but it can be understood by
others in the form of verbal language. However, it is not easy to learn a language PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI
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particularly a foreign language that we, as native speakers, are not really familiar with. Instead of worrying about it, the participants still have the chance to master
speaking skill as long as the participants do some efforts to sharpen their knowledge of communication and practice in the situation as well.
b. Teaching Speaking
According to Rivers 1968: 160, in teaching speaking, the teacher is supposed to create conducive situation. In the conducive situation, the teacher can
persuade the students to use the language using their own meaning entitled to the limits of what they have learned. Rivers also suggests that the teacher should not wait
until the students feel confident to perform the language. In a sense, the teacher should actively encourage and accustom the students to apply what they have learned
in an act of communication in natural interaction between their friends. As a consequence, the students are to be motivated to practice their foreign language
exclusively and be familiar with various situational contexts.
c. Activities in Teaching Speaking
A lot of effort has gone into motivating the students to speak; the teacher could design some stimulating activities to provoke spoken communication in
classroom. Harner 1991: 122 suggests some activities to build the communicative condition for the students to speak. Those activities are:
1 Information Gap; The students are put into a situation in which they have to share
the information using the target language because one person has information and the other has lacks of information.
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2 Role-plays; The students get a particular role where they have to play it in certain
condition by using the target language. 3
Simulation; The students play a role in a simulated environment like in the real world.
4 Discussion; The students express their idea or opinion in some issues.
5 Problem Solving Task; The students talk together to find a solution to a problem
or task. The writer develops those activities in learning task and games and integrates those
activities to some issues in society so as to promote the students to speak in those activities without finding themselves reluctant to do so.
d. Successful Activity for Teaching Speaking
When the students are willing to speak a lot in the target language with the teacher or other friends, the students should take some steps to succeed in acquiring
speaking skill. According to Davies 1988, there are four characteristics of successful speaking activity. Firstly, the students have the chance to talk as much as
possible in the limited time given. Secondly, all the students should participate actively in speaking without any unfairly domination by talkative the students.
Thirdly, the interesting and new topic will be conveyed in learning speaking, to draw students’ attention and interest to speak. Fourthly, the level of relevancy, accuracy,
and comprehension are required in for the effectiveness of speaking. These steps could be accommodated effectively if there is a good relationship and cooperation
between the teacher and the students. The teacher becomes the facilitator for the students as the subject of learning.
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