Yalden’s Model Design Models

31 6. Instructional media Instructional media are channel for communication in learning experience, for example: multimedia, video, graphics, audio, text, real objects and model. Figure 3: Newby’s “Recipe” Model 2000: 67 Newby’s model is flexible and dynamic 2000: 67. Accordingly, the teacher can follow the plan or adjust it based on the students’ needs and the real situation in which the teaching learning experience will occur. In the process of designing a set of speaking materials for the second grade of Language Program at senior high school, the writer is to integrate Yalden’s and Newby’s models by choosing, omitting, combining, and some adapting elements. Yalden’s model provides need analysis that becomes initial step for considering the students’ wants and needs in the course. While in Newby’s model, it is stated clearly that the writer can develop the instructional method as a basis for developing the learning activities. Those are reason why the writer chooses these design models. Also, Newby’s model is flexible; the writer can make an adjustment in the steps of PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI 32 design materials by providing three major steps supported by some phases. In order to provide the materials as a product of language course, the writer combined Yalden’s and Newby’s models so as to accommodate the development of appropriate materials.

B. THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK

The writer employs a number of steps in designing the materials in this study. The writer provides the designed model combined from Yalden’s and Newby’s Models. Step 1: Conducting Needs Survey adapted from Yalden’s Model In the initial step, the writer will find out the students’ communicative needs and wants in learning speaking. Step 2: Developing the Instructional Materials After obtaining and analyzing the data taken from needs survey, the writer starts to develop materials. Some phases should be considered are as follows: a Considering the Purpose of Course adapted from Yalden’s Model The general purposes in developing speaking materials are taken from Competence-Based Curriculum. b Specifying the Learning Objectives adapted from Newby’s Model In this step, basic competences wanting to be achieved in terms of measurable student’s performances outcomes are indicated by achievement indicators. c Selecting and Developing of Syllabus Type adapted from Yalden’s Model PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI 33 The writer uses task-based syllabus in developing materials. d Selecting the Learning Method adapted from Newby’s Model The writer chooses CTL method that facilitates the students to achieve