CHAPTER II REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE
This chapter presents the pertinent theories which become the foundation to construct the materials. The discussion will be divided into theoretical description
and theoretical framework. The theoretical description provides the theories of speaking and its elements in teaching, communicative competence, Contextual
Teaching and Learning, Competence-Based Curriculum, instructional materials, material design model, the task-based syllabus design, and design models of Yalden
and Newby. The theoretical framework describes the steps of designing model adapted from Yalden’s and Newby’s model.
A. THEORETICAL DESCRIPTION
This section discusses all theories related to the instructional design. The theories include the theories of speaking and its elements, communicative
competence, Contextual Teaching and Learning, and Competence-Based Curriculum. In addition, the writer also provides some theories that are relevant to
construct the materials. Those theories are instructional materials, design models, and task-based syllabus. As a framework that contains steps of doing research, the writer
combined design models of Yalden and Newby. All the theories provides information about the significance of developing the
speaking materials using Contextual Teaching and Learning for the students in the second grade of language program at senior high school particularly in SMA Stella
Duce 1 Yogyakarta.
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1. Speaking
In this study, the writer will design a set of instructional speaking materials which employs CTL as a learning method. Therefore, the writer needs to study
further about the theories of speaking and its elements so as to develop the proper speaking materials that can be useful in teaching and learning speaking.
a. The Nature of Speaking
Speaking is physically situated in face-to-face interaction. The speaker can see each other and interact through the form of verbal exchange considering the
physical context Widdowson, 1978: 58. It means that the speaker and the listener are supposed to take the same place when they want to communicate, which helps
them to understand each other. The information then may be successfully delivered to the listener. However, speaking can still exist such as communication on the
phone, although the speaker does not meet other speaker. They can understand each other as long as their communication is in the same topic.
Richards and Rodgers 1999: 48 point out that speaking is always formed in real time, in which the speaker would speak right away without having any time to
carefully edit and revise it; while the listener is waiting for him or her. It means that once the speaker gets involved in speaking, he has to prepare to do many things all
together at that moment. The speaker has to be able to understand, think, and say for unexpected or even predicted topic in the communication.
Here, it is clearly explained that speaking is a natural process. It means that the speaker produces speaking naturally in real time but it can be understood by
others in the form of verbal language. However, it is not easy to learn a language PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI
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