Meaning of Contextual Teaching and Learning

20 analyzing and synthesizing the problems. Afterwards, they will interpret their thinking in terms of solution to the problems. Modeling the role of adult is the second skill to be sharpened. The students will have the chance to involve in the phenomenon in real life and learn the important of adult’s role. Learning to think, interpret, and adapt with that phenomenon are expected from the students. Being an independent and autonomy learner is the third skill that will be equipped in problem- based learning. The teacher will encourage and guide the students to ask the questions and solve the problem on their own. Hence, the students learn to finish their own task autonomy in their future. c The Steps of Problem-Based Learning There are some steps provided in problem-based learning. Firstly, the teacher orientates the students to the problem. Secondly, the teacher organizes the students to define and organize the learning task. Thirdly, the teacher encourages the students to do group investigation. Fourthly, the teacher helps the students to prepare the presentation and finally the teacher helps the students to have reflection and evaluation in the process of solving the problem. 2 Cooperative Learning Cooperative learning is an approach that organizes instruction using small learning groups in which the students work together to achieve learning goals Slavin, 1995: 4. Cooperative learning can help the students who are willing to work and succeed as a team. It means that they have to learn cooperatively to get success together. In cooperative work, the students participate in team called Student Team 21 Learning. In this team, the students not only do something as a team but also learn something as a team to achieve the aims of learning. a Elements of Cooperative Learning There are four elements underlying the concept of cooperative learning suggested by Abdurrahman, as quoted by Nurhadi et al. 2004: 61. The first concept is the positive interdependence between the members of the team where the students will motivate each other in their group to achieve the objective of learning. The second concept is the face-to-face interaction by interacting and sharing the students’ knowledge with other members in the form of dialogue. The third concept is the individual accountability where the success depends on the individual learning of all team members. The fourth concept is the skill to develop the interpersonal relationship by respecting people’s opinions and ideas. b The Significance in Cooperative Learning According to Johnson and Johnson 1984 as cited by Nurhadi et al. 2004: 63, there are some significance in cooperative learning. Besides improving the aspect of cognition, in cooperative learning, the students will learn to improve their ability to socialize by adapting with other members of the group and behaving properly in their group. The students will learn to express their ideas and react to others criticisms. Yet, the responsibility of each member will be accounted for all the members of group. Working and Socializing together with their group, self-esteem and self-acceptance are to be improved in themselves as the individual and social person. Like in a in a real world such as a working world, cooperative learning serves PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI