Syllabus Design THEORETICAL DESCRIPTION

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b. Newby’s Model

Newby describes plan like a “recipe” which tells the cooks what kinds of ingredients they need and how to mix it to make a dish 2000: 66. For the course design, the plan becomes a recipe for the teacher to recognize, mix, and present it through learning experience. Newby also explains that instruction is the process of presenting learning experience through activities, methods, and media. Developing plans for instruction, the instructional design is the process of combining and applying some theoretical principles through practical application. Newby describes the components of the plan in the following parts: 1. The students The plan is designed to reach desired learning goal. So, students’ behavior and motivation toward learning should be taken into account. 2. Objectives Objectives are what students should be able to do and accomplish under the instruction by presenting specified and expected performance. 3. Learning environment The learning environment is the setting or physical surrounding that learning experience will take place. 4. Instructional activities Instructional activities are the activities which will facilitate students in learning. 5. Instructional methods Instructional methods are the procedures that help the students to achieve the learning objectives. 31 6. Instructional media Instructional media are channel for communication in learning experience, for example: multimedia, video, graphics, audio, text, real objects and model. Figure 3: Newby’s “Recipe” Model 2000: 67 Newby’s model is flexible and dynamic 2000: 67. Accordingly, the teacher can follow the plan or adjust it based on the students’ needs and the real situation in which the teaching learning experience will occur. In the process of designing a set of speaking materials for the second grade of Language Program at senior high school, the writer is to integrate Yalden’s and Newby’s models by choosing, omitting, combining, and some adapting elements. Yalden’s model provides need analysis that becomes initial step for considering the students’ wants and needs in the course. While in Newby’s model, it is stated clearly that the writer can develop the instructional method as a basis for developing the learning activities. Those are reason why the writer chooses these design models. Also, Newby’s model is flexible; the writer can make an adjustment in the steps of PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI