13 give the last touch or the last decision toward their work to make it better. Friend
and Cook 2010 even give example of sharing accountability for the unexpected outcomes. Even for the worst scenario when the event that a group has arranged is
held and there is unexpected problem occurs, all the members of the group are responsible for the outcomes. Other members should find a way together to
resolve those unexpected problem together as the form of their accountability. Seventh, individuals who collaborate value this interpersonal style.
Brownell, Adams, Sindelar, Waldron, and Vanhover 2006 state that each individual in the group thinks that their goals can be more successful because they
do it in a group, not only do it personally as cited in Friend Cook, 2010. They believe that by doing it in the group, they help each other in finishing their work,
and the results are better than if they do it by themselves. Eighth, individuals who collaborate trust one another. Trusting one another
is a very essential aspect each individual must feel. Friend and Cook 2010 state that,
Trust of colleagues becomes one of the most important benefits of collaboration. This scenario describes the emergence of trust: At the outset,
enough trust must be present for professionals to be willing to begin the activity, but with successful experiences the trust grows and relationship
becomes better able to withstand problems and disagreements p.13.
They have to learn to trust their colleagues in order to make their goals successful. They should live their commitment to work in the group. Moreover,
they have to trust their peers that they can also do their work in the best way and finish their part. Trusting their peers releases their worry toward one another in
finishing their work. PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI
14 Ninth, a sense of community evolves from collaboration. Each individual
must know that their strength can be maximized, and their weaknesses can be minimized when they work together in the group. They are willing to work toward
a common goal.
c. Contributions and Advantages of Collaborative Learning for Students
There are many contributions and advantages of collaborative learning which are obtained by the students. Several experts mention some contributions
and advantages from collaborative learning. Liao 2014, p. 47 mentions several advantages in his journal. He gathers some experts’ opinions about the advantages
of collaborative learning and makes a conclusion that the advantages of collaborative learning center on two aspects; academic and social.
For the academic benefits, collaborative learning contributes to academic achievement, positive attitudes toward the subject matter, a commitment to learn,
critical thinking, and problem solving skills Johnson Johnson, 1999; Liao, 2006; Caropreso Haggerty, 2000; van Boxtel, van der Linden, Kanselaar,
2000; Chang Mao, 1999; Occhipinti, 2003; Jensen, Moore, Hatch, 2002; Adams Slater, 2002; Wong Abbruzzese, 2011; Huynh, Jacho-Chaves,
Self, 2010; McDuff, 2012; Xie, 2011; Carlsmith Cooper, 2002. Collaborative learning contributes to students’ achievement. A four-year
longitudinal study of students at 159 four years institutions was held and the results were examined by Astin 1993. He found that classroom pedagogical
practices that promoted meaningful collaboration among students made a PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI
15 significant contribution to student achievement as cited in Cabrera, Nora,
Crissman, Terenzini, Bernal Pascarella, 2002, p. 21. Critical thinking is one of many contributions that is caused by
collaborative learning. Through the process, it is expected that problems will arise. Johnston, James, Lye, and McDonald 2000 state that the students
encourage and develop their critical thinking through the process of problem solving as cited in Lin, 2015, p. 23. Lin 2015 also states that collaborative
learning fosters the development of critical thinking skills through discussion, clarification and the evaluations of peers’ opinions. Hawkes 1991 states that not
only the problems, but the tasks also need the critical thinking from the members of the group as cited in Pandian, Cakravarthy Lah, 2003. Gokhale 1995 p.28
explains the result of conducting a statistical analysis on the test score in his study that “students who participated in collaborative learning had performed frequently
better on the critical-thinking test than stud ents who studied individually.”
Another contribution of collaborative learning which was included in the academic benefits is problem solving. Johnson 1971 and Peterson Swing
1985 state that when students work in pairs, there is one person who listens, and another person discusses the question. Both of them develop valuable problem
solving skills by formulating their ideas, discussing them, receiving immediate feedback and responding to questions and comments as cited in Laal Ghodsi,
2012, p. 488. Gokhale 1995, p. 29 also concludes that “If the purpose of
instruction is to enhance critical-thinking and problem-solving skills, then collaborative learning is more beneficial.
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