CHAPTER II REVIEW ON RELATED LITERATURE
This chapter offers a discussion of the related literature as the theoretical basic upon which the study outlined in Chapter I was laid. Chapter II discusses
A the theoretical description, and B the theoretical framework.
A. Theoretical Description
This chapter explains the theoretical description that includes the theories concerning to the topic such as theories on the systems and instructional design,
Communicative Language Teaching CLT Approach, Writing, School Based Curriculum SBC, and Mind Mapping.
1. Instructional Design Models
One of the important points in designing the instructional materials is models of instructional materials design. The importance of these models is due to
their function as a guideline for the designed instructional materials. The models also tell the designer steps or stages to design the instructional materials.
In this study, two models of instructional design proposed by Kemp and Yalden are applied. The two models are combined because both have almost the
same clear steps in designing instructional materials. Kemp offers a flexible model, which lies on the existence of the concept that design and developmental
process may start from any step and then move back and forth to the other steps
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wherever the designer is ready. The strength of Yalden’s model is the inclusion of need survey, which is conducted to get some information about what students
hope from the instructional program. In order to design simple and applicable instructional materials, some
stages of each instructional materials design model are adopted. The following section will discuss those two models briefly.
a. Kemp’s Instructional Materials Design Model
Kemp states that instructional process is complex 1977: 6. Many interrelated parts and functions that must operate in a coherent manner in order to
achieve success compose the instructional process. What is expected in this process is the improvement of the key outcome of education – learning by
students. According to Kemp 1977: 8, the instructional design plan is designed to
supply answer to three questions, which are considered as the essential elements of instructional technology:
1 What must be learned? objectives
2 What procedures and resources will work best to reach the desire
learning levels? activities and resources 3
How will we know when the required learning has taken place? evaluation
A program development, which consists of eight steps, is proposed by Kemp 1977: 8. The eight steps are important to be included in the designing
materials. The Kemp’s instructional materials design models is shown in figure 2.1.
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