26 These seven methods are useful ways of viewing translation, although
logically any list of approaches to translation and translation methodologies ought to be open-ended, because definitions of translation itself vary and approaches
may be categorized in different ways. In addition to these methods, McCarthy O’Dell’s 1994 asserted on the
application of word equivalence in translation. McCarthy O’Dell’s 1994 treatment of another formal aspect of vocabulary, word formation, can provide a
useful basis for the translator to build a comparative perspective of the way in which English and Indonesian form words as cited in Johnson, 2006. English is
the object of study of so many students that there is naturally a tendency for there to be extensive compilations of materials that form overall a characterization of
the English tongue. Such treatment of concepts, feelings, and actions offer an excellent base
for the compilation of a resource that might be described as a bilingual thesaurus if such a resource is undertaken. Whether the translation is from Indonesian or
into Indonesian, there will naturally tend to be reference back and forth between English and Indonesian bodies of knowledge and skill Johnson, 2006.
e. Translation Process
Process of translation might be pictured in various ways. One way could be as seen in figure 2.3.
27
Dictionary Context Style
Cultural Background
Figure. 2.3 An Overview of Translation Process Johnson, 2006
In the translation process, the text is transformed into the target language from the source language through the process of translation. During the process,
the translators must consider some aspects, namely: dictionary, context, cultural background, and style. Dictionary is needed when the translator intends to look up
some words they do not know the equivalence in the target language. On the other hand, too many people assume that if a translator has a good dictionary, he can
translate any document into almost any language Nida, 1975. Unfortunately, most people do not realize that by the time a sizeable dictionary is published, it is
at least twenty five years out of date because it takes at least that much time to do the necessary research about language usage Nida, 1975.
Translation, seen as a mode of being in the world, should not be regarded in isolation but should be contextualized Tianmin, 2006. Each specific situation
determines what and how people communicate, and it is changed by people communicating. When a translator transforms a language into another language,
Source Text
Translat e
Target Text
28 he should consider the context. The translation of a religious text will be different
from one of scientific text. Contextualizing in translation is also affected by the cultural background.
The characteristics of academic text raise the different style in translation compared to the non academic text. The style, among others, lies in the use of
words. Johnson 2006 stated that word will translate differently according to their function in the sentence and in the broader utterance. In the broader utterance,
words will be used differently to give style in a certain type of text. Dictionary, context, cultural background and style come up altogether in
transforming source text into target text. Nevertheless, it is always worth considering whether a name is appropriate to what it stands for and whereas
‘source text’ is likely to be accurate. It may be questioned on occasion whether the resulting text is in fact the same as target. The resulting text may be different
from the original target and it also needs to be kept in mind that there may be different from the original version of translation.
C. Theoretical Framework
This section synthesizes the related theories to fit this research. Those underlying theories are used to solve the research question stated in Chapter I. It is
also followed by a framework of answering the two questions of the research. The investigation of collocation is conducted in the context of academic
writing. The students of the economics faculty do not write the theses abstract directly in English, but they write them in Indonesian. After they complete the
