OBJECTIVE AND CONTENTS .1 THE CONCEPT OF SAFETY .1
Chapter 2 BASIC SAFETY CONCEPTS
2.1 OBJECTIVE AND CONTENTS 2.1.1 This chapter reviews the strengths and weaknesses of long-established approaches to safety, and proposes new perspectives and concepts underlying a contemporary approach to safety. 2.1.2 The chapter includes the following topics: a The concept of safety; b The evolution of safety thinking; c Accident causation — The Reason model; d The organizational accident; e People, operational contexts and safety — The SHEL model; f Errors and violations; g Organizational culture; and h Safety investigation. 2.2 THE CONCEPT OF SAFETY 2.2.1 Depending on the perspective, the concept of safety in aviation may have different connotations, such as: a zero accidents or serious incidents — a view widely held by the travelling public; b freedom from hazards, i.e. those factors which cause or are likely to cause harm; c attitudes of employees of aviation organizations towards unsafe acts and conditions; d error avoidance; and e regulatory compliance. 2.2.2 Whatever the connotation, they all have one underlying commonality: the possibility of absolute control. Zero accidents, freedom from hazards, and so forth, convey the idea that it would be possible — by design or intervention — to bring under control, in aviation operational contexts, all variables that can precipitate bad or damaging outcomes. However, while the elimination of accidents andor serious incidents and the achievement of absolute control 2-2 Safety Management Manual SMM is certainly desirable, they are unachievable goals in open and dynamic operational contexts. Hazards are integral components of aviation operational contexts. Failures and operational errors will occur in aviation, in spite of the best and most accomplished efforts to prevent them. No human activity or human-made system can be guaranteed to be absolutely free from hazards and operational errors. 2.2.3 Safety is therefore a concept that must encompass relatives rather than absolutes, whereby safety risks arising from the consequences of hazards in operational contexts must be acceptable in an inherently safe system. The key issue still resides in control, but relative rather than absolute control. As long as safety risks and operational errors are kept under a reasonable degree of control, a system as open and dynamic as commercial civil aviation is considered to be safe. In other words, safety risks and operational errors that are controlled to a reasonable degree are acceptable in an inherently safe system. 2.2.4 Safety is increasingly viewed as the outcome of the management of certain organizational processes, which have the objective of keeping the safety risks of the consequences of hazards in operational contexts under organizational control. Thus, for the purposes of this manual, safety is considered to have the following meaning: Safety. The state in which the possibility of harm to persons or of property damage is reduced to, and maintained at or below, an acceptable level through a continuing process of hazard identification and safety risk management. 2.3 THE EVOLUTION OF SAFETY THINKING 2.3.1Parts
» DOC 9859 FULL EN DOC 9859 FULL EN
» GENERAL OBJECTIVES CONCEPT CONTENTS .1
» OBJECTIVE AND CONTENTS .1 THE CONCEPT OF SAFETY .1
» THE EVOLUTION OF SAFETY THINKING .1
» ACCIDENT CAUSATION — THE REASON MODEL .1
» THE ORGANIZATIONAL ACCIDENT .1 BASIC SAFETY CONCEPTS
» PEOPLE, CONTEXT AND SAFETY — THE SHEL MODEL .1
» ERRORS AND VIOLATIONS Operational errors
» ORGANIZATIONAL CULTURE .1 BASIC SAFETY CONCEPTS
» SAFETY INVESTIGATION .1 BASIC SAFETY CONCEPTS
» OBJECTIVE AND CONTENTS .1 THE SAFETY STEREOTYPE .1
» THE MANAGEMENT DILEMMA .1 INTRODUCTION TO SAFETY MANAGEMENT
» THE NEED FOR SAFETY MANAGEMENT .1
» STRATEGIES FOR SAFETY MANAGEMENT .1
» THE IMPERATIVE OF CHANGE .1 SAFETY MANAGEMENT — EIGHT BUILDING BLOCKS .1
» FOUR RESPONSIBILITIES FOR MANAGING SAFETY .1
» OBJECTIVE AND CONTENTS HAZARDS AND CONSEQUENCES .1
» FIRST FUNDAMENTAL — UNDERSTANDING HAZARDS .1
» SECOND FUNDAMENTAL — HAZARD IDENTIFICATION .1
» THIRD FUNDAMENTAL — HAZARD ANALYSIS .1
» GENERAL INFORMATION SYSTEM REQUIREMENTS
» UNDERSTANDING DATABASES FOURTH FUNDAMENTAL — DOCUMENTATION OF HAZARDS .1
» DATABASE LIMITATIONS DATABASE INTEGRITY
» SAFETY DATABASE CAPABILITIES DATABASE SELECTION CONSIDERATIONS
» OBJECTIVE AND CONTENTS DEFINITION OF SAFETY RISK .1
» FIRST FUNDAMENTAL — SAFETY RISK MANAGEMENT .1
» SECOND FUNDAMENTAL — SAFETY RISK PROBABILITY .1
» THIRD FUNDAMENTAL — SAFETY RISK SEVERITY .1
» FOURTH FUNDAMENTAL — SAFETY RISK TOLERABILITY .1
» FIFTH FUNDAMENTAL — SAFETY RISK CONTROLMITIGATION .1
» SCENARIO SYSTEM DESCRIPTION HAZARD IDENTIFICATION PROCESS
» SAFETY RISK ASSESSMENT PROCESS SAFETY RISK CONTROLMITIGATION PROCESS
» HAZARD IDENTIFICATION AND SAFETY RISK MANAGEMENT LOG
» SCENARIO SYSTEM DESCRIPTION THE FIVE FUNDAMENTALS OF SAFETY RISK MANAGEMENT — SUMMARY .1
» HAZARD IDENTIFICATION PROCESS SAFETY RISK ASSESSMENT PROCESS
» SAFETY RISK CONTROLMITIGATION PROCESS
» OBJECTIVE AND CONTENTS ICAO SAFETY MANAGEMENT SARPS — GENERAL .1
» STATE SAFETY PROGRAMME SSP .1
» ACCEPTABLE LEVEL OF SAFETY ALoS
» SAFETY MANAGEMENT SYSTEM SMS .1
» SMS SAFETY PERFORMANCE .1 ICAO SAFETY MANAGEMENT SARPs
» MANAGEMENT ACCOUNTABILITY .1 ICAO SAFETY MANAGEMENT SARPs
» RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN AN SSP AND AN SMS .1
» COMPLIANCE AND PERFORMANCE .1 ICAO SAFETY MANAGEMENT SARPs
» OBJECTIVE AND CONTENTS INTRODUCTORY CONCEPTS .1
» SMS FEATURES .1 INTRODUCTION TO SAFETY
» SYSTEM DESCRIPTION .1 INTRODUCTION TO SAFETY
» GAP ANALYSIS .1 INTRODUCTION TO SAFETY
» SMS AND QMS .1 INTRODUCTION TO SAFETY
» SSPSMS AND THE ACCIDENT INVESTIGATION PROCESS .1 INTEGRATION OF MANAGEMENT SYSTEMS .1
» INTRODUCTION SYSTEM DESCRIPTION OF AN AERODROME
» GAP ANALYSIS ICAO SMS FRAMEWORK SMS GAP ANALYSIS FOR SERVICE PROVIDERS
» OBJECTIVE AND CONTENTS THE COMPONENTS AND ELEMENTS OF AN SMS .1
» THE ICAO SMS FRAMEWORK MANAGEMENT COMMITMENT AND RESPONSIBILITY .1
» SAFETY ACCOUNTABILITIES .1 SMS PLANNING
» APPOINTMENT OF KEY SAFETY PERSONNEL .1
» COORDINATION OF EMERGENCY RESPONSE PLANNING .1 SMS DOCUMENTATION .1
» OVERALL PURPOSE KEY ROLES Safety advocate RESPONSIBILITIES
» NATURE AND SCOPE QUALIFICATIONS AUTHORITY
» OBJECTIVE AND CONTENTS SAFETY RISK MANAGEMENT — GENERAL .1
» HAZARD IDENTIFICATION .1 SMS OPERATION
» RISK ASSESSMENT AND MITIGATION .1
» SAFETY ASSURANCE — GENERAL .1 SMS OPERATION
» SAFETY PERFORMANCE MONITORING AND MEASUREMENT .1
» PROTECTION OF SOURCES OF SAFETY INFORMATION .1
» CONTINUOUS IMPROVEMENT OF THE SMS .1
» THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN SAFETY RISK MANAGEMENT SRM AND SAFETY ASSURANCE SA
» SAFETY PROMOTION — TRAINING AND EDUCATION .1
» OBJECTIVE AND CONTENTS WHY ADOPT A PHASED APPROACH TO SMS IMPLEMENTATION .1
» PHASE I — PLANNING SMS IMPLEMENTATION .1
» PHASE II — REACTIVE SAFETY MANAGEMENT PROCESSES .1
» REFERENCES DEFINITIONS GENERAL SAFETY POLICY AND OBJECTIVES 1 General requirements
» QUALITY POLICY IMPLEMENTATION OF THE SMS
» PHASE I — PLANNING SMS IMPLEMENTATION
» PHASE II — REACTIVE SAFETY MANAGEMENT PROCESSES
» PHASE III — PROACTIVE AND PREDICTIVE SAFETY MANAGEMENT PROCESSES
» PHASE IV — OPERATIONAL SAFETY ASSURANCE
» OBJECTIVES AND CONTENTS THE COMPONENTS AND ELEMENTS OF AN SSP .1
» THE ICAO SSP FRAMEWORK SSP DEVELOPMENT .1
» GAP ANALYSIS ICAO SSP FRAMEWORK
» STATE SAFETY PROGRAMME SSP GAP ANALYSIS
» GENERAL REMEDIAL MEASURES External training, communication and dissemination of safety information
» ENFORCEMENT PROCEDURES PROPORTIONALITY OF RESPONSES NATURAL JUSTICE AND ACCOUNTABILITY EXCEPTIONS
» GENERAL APPLICABILITY External training, communication and dissemination of safety information
» PROCEDURES External training, communication and dissemination of safety information
» State safety responsibilities and accountabilities
» INTRODUCTION External training, communication and dissemination of safety information
» ICAO REQUIREMENTS ERP CONTENTS
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