Review of Studies REVIEW OF LITERATURE

11 In this regard, Culler 1976 believes that languages are not nomenclatures and the concepts of one language may differ radically from those of another, since each language articulates or organizes the world differently, and languages do not simply name categories; they articulate their own p.21-2. The conclusion likely to be drawn from what Culler 1976 writes is that one of the troublesome problems of translation is the disparity among languages. The bigger the gap between the SL and the TL, the more difficult the transfer of message from the former to the latter will be. The difference between an SL and a TL and the variation in their cultures makes the process of translating a real challenge. Among the problematic factors involved in translation such as form, meaning, style, proverbs, idioms, etc., the present paper is going to concentrate mainly on the procedures of translating CSCs in general and on the strategies of rendering allusions in particular. Translation must take into account constraints that include context, the rules of grammar of the two languages, their writing conventions, and their idioms. A common misconception is that there exists a simple word-for-word correspondence between any two languages, and that translation is a straightforward mechanical process. A word-for-word translation does not take into account context, grammar, conventions, and idioms. Translation is fraught with the potential for spilling over of idioms and usages from one language into the other, since both languages repose within the single brain of the translator. Such spilling-over easily produces linguistic hybrids 12 such as Franglais French-English, Spanglish Spanish-English, Poglish Polish-English and Portuñol Portuguese-Spanish.

2.3. Some Reviews about Equivalence Translation .

Vannesa Leonardi in her scientific article 2008:2 outlines some definitions of equivalence in translation from some prominent experts. The theories which are provided by the experts much help in figuring out equivalence as unit of translation dealing to very specific words to be translated. The various opinions of equivalence from the experts show how complicated and how wide the rooms of equivalence discussion are. Some definitions which are available in this proposal presented as: a. Vinay and Darbelnet and the definition of equivalence in translation. Vinay and Darbelnet view equivalence-oriented translation as a procedure which replicates the same situation as in the original, whilst using completely different wording. They also suggest that, if this procedure is applied during the translation process, it can maintain the stylistic impact of the SL text in the TL text. According to them, equivalence is therefore the ideal method when the translator has to deal with proverbs, idioms, clichés, nominal or adjectival phrases and the onomatopeia of animal sounds. With regarding to equivalent expressions between language pairs, Vinay and Darbelnet claim that they are acceptable as long as they are listed in a bilingual dictionary as full equivalents. However, later they note that glossaries and collections of idiomatic expressions can never be exhaustive. They conclude by