KAMPONG AND URBAN PHYSICS CHARACTERS

and Manifestation, Medan, 13 th - 14 th November 2007 360 definite kampong territories apparently. Kampong basically is the integration between spatial organization territory and social organization. Obviously territory boundaries which are created by the framings strengthen kampong dwellers identification as a community. In one side, the bound gives an exclusive image of the kampong in city dwellers’ perspectives, but on the other side, it also creates a perception in kampong dwellers’ minds that the city is not their territory. The f rame makes us realize of the segregations “here” and “there”, public and private, friend and enemy, inside and outside. On the other hand, circulation pathways connect the segregations with entrances which noted the boundaries of it. The entrances clarify that there are differences between kampong parts and the other particular parts surrounding them and also play roles symbolically to forbid or control the accesses that connect those two parts. Therefore, the permeability of framing is a prerequisite which should be owned by a block of a city. The entrance road is connected to the kampong road systems. In West Java it is known by the term of “jalan jajahan” which is actually a soil pathway used by pedestrians to access an area. In the studied kampongs, it can be recognized that the jalan jajahan is apparently an important element in the forming of kampong space configurations. The routes of jalan jajahan are formed by some factors, i.e.: the boundaries of land possessions farms or ranches, the easiness and the convenience of pedestrians. 1 Kampong roads are determined by the evolution of jalan jajahan which have been there when the kampong are still relatively not occupied. Kampong dwellers really pay attention to the jalan jajahan when they have to do dividing of the lands. The role of the jalan jajahan is not the determining factor that forms kampong space configurations in the beginning, but mostly is the factor to determine the start and ending points of circulations origin and destination. Kampong dwellers can change the routes of jalan jajahan to be continuous. The changes are usually done according to the possessions of the lands or the positions and orientations of their homes. Kampong space configuration systems are formed incrementally by individual buildings. There are no global forms which are planned before, hence basically the configurations are determined by houses positioning versus the existing houses by not closing chances of physical accesses to other buildings. The existence of social harmony values among the kampong dwellers make it possible to happen. It clarifies what has been stated by John Lang that an organic growth process as such is assured to be controlled by a set of rules or social realities Lang, J., 1994:2. 1 The pedestrians always bring bearers with weights, guide cattle, even carts for delivering agricultural crops. and Manifestation, Medan, 13 th - 14 th November 2007 361 Kampong space configurations really depend on kampong dwellers’ decisions individually or collectively in positioning their houses. However, their actions of building houses cannot be apart from guidelines or rules which subconsciously guide them in building and positioning the houses. Differ from the formal planned space configurations, circulation patterns in kampongs do not determine the building locations and orientations but, on the contrary, are the results of building arrangements which are completely controlled by kampong dwellers. 7. SPATIAL LINKAGES BETWEEN KAMPONG AND CITY The spatial linkages between kampong and city is a connection between the “inner” and the “outer” of city blocks. From empirical studies of the three kampongs, framing processes of city blocks really determine the integration of kampong spaces in the city. The correlation is able to be understood as a “part to whole” relation.  Framing process The kampong framing process which occurs to the three case studies basically is determined by the transformations and the changes of building in the “outer” city blocks. Based on the findings from the three case studies, framing process tends to narrow kampong territories. However, it is very rare that framing process eliminates the access that can connect kampong with city roadscorridors. An access is a permeability attribute of kampong framing. Framing permeability is a condition that determines the spatial linkages between the kampong and the particular city part surrounding it. The access to the kampong is a territory under direct control from kampong’s residents, although the access lies on the frame zone. The control is expressed by building a gate on the entrance road, even by narrowing it. The framing process and the control of kampong’s entrance causes kampong is equal to a gated community which is recently very common developed in the exclusive real estate. The framing process is usually followed by the penetration of formal buildings in the “outer” city blocks into kampong. The penetration causes the alterations of land possession rights from kampong territory to the city. This process is called kampong formalization. The resistance from kampong community to the land right alterations was very logical because it would cause the decrease in territory and kampong community members. Sociologically, it could be understood because the power politics of a marginal group under privilege often relied on the extent of occupied territories and the number of group members. The resolution that happened was that kampong dwellers asked for compensations to provide or improve public and Manifestation, Medan, 13 th - 14 th November 2007 362 infrastructures facilities in addition to the payments that were given to the kampong lots’ owners. It showed that the framing process is a mediation process between social strength kampong and capital strength city. 2 The framing tends to instigate segregations social and spatial, which have been existed, to become more.  “Part to whole” relation The “part to whole” concept sees the spatial linkages between kampong and city as a system. The relation is a concept which stated that an element always exists in a bigger environment in a unity of a system which has a particular arrangement. Kampong relation to the system of city goes on in two ways, i.e.: spatially and trans-spatially. Firstly, kampong spatial-physically must be connected with the city. Secondly, kampong does categorical separations, i.e. conceptually the kampong dwellers segregate between us kampong and them city. The trans-spatial relation enables the orientation of kampong values to be realized in the use of space and social interactions outside kampong. Kampong demolishment influences the city life system as it loses one of its elements. Even if it is demolished, kampong will grow again because it is a self-regulating settlement and is needed by the city. Differ from a formal housing, kampong lives because it has a self-ability. Like the city, kampong has complete social facilities; stalls, kiosks, salons, garages, tailor, etc. The existence of a kampong in the city centre is inevitable. Physically, kampong is a low cost settlement in the city which is needed by a part of city dwellers, while the city is a place to make a living. Formal settlements do not always try to be close to neither business nor commercial districts. However, kampong has to be in a strategic location, close to the workplaces, as the kampong in the village is always close to the farming land. It is different from urban village developments which are recently done in developed countries which are usually located in suburban areas.

8. CONCLUSIONS 

Kampong’s roles in a city Kampong’s position in urbanity depends on its roles in a city. Its roles in a city can be explained with steps as follows: 1. Understanding the raison d’etre of kampong in a city is due to its function as one of urban dwelling types which accommodate a huge number of urban population; 2 In the different scale building, it was also the same as what was stated by Kim Dovey 1999 in the book “Framing Places: mediating power in built form”. and Manifestation, Medan, 13 th - 14 th November 2007 363 2. Understanding the kampong reality as an endogen force which forms urbanism in Indonesia, and 3. Understanding modernization not as a westernization but as an acculturative process between local and foreign values.  Kampong’s roles as a character giver Kampong has a unique spatial configuration and different from other city parts. The uniqueness makes kampong has a character and even plays a role in building the city character. Ways to understand kampong as a city physical character builder are as follows: 1. By understanding a kampong and a city as one genre. Both of them are artifacts. A city is a more complex one which consists of lots of parts. A whole city character can only be explained by recognizing parts of the city’s characters. Kampong is an artifact which consists of simpler buildings which are not monumental. 2. By searching for the area’s character structure. It is difficult to understand by its various attributes. The structure can be represented by a space configuration. 3. By distinguishing the kampong and city configuration. The difference is the main prerequisite to understand the characters. A character cannot be noticed without comparing.  The quality of the spatial linkages between the kampong and city blocks The quality is determined by the permeability of the framing. Physically, it is formed by the kampong entrance roads. It is said to be a membrane in osmosis process. The flow through the membrane is not the same. The kampong informality flows greater to the city rather than the city formality to the kampong. Therefore, it can be concluded that kampong plays a role in urbanity forming in Indonesia. The quality of the spatial connection is determi ned by the quality of the system’s elements which consist of four parts, i.e.: [1] outer parts urban blocks, [2] frames, [3] connection paths, and [4] inner parts kampongs. REFERENCES: Balbo, Marcello 1993, “Urban Planning and the Fragmented City of Developing Countries”, Third World Planning Review, vol. 115, hal. 23-35. Colquhoun, A. 1989 Modernity and the Classical Tradition: Architectural Essay 1980-1987. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press Dovey, Kim 1999, Framing Places: Mediating power in built form, London: Routledge. Drakakis-Smith, David 1981, Urbanization, Housing and Development, London: coom Helm.