and Manifestation, Medan, 13
th
- 14
th
November 2007
357 integration in a city is perceived as a “part to whole” relation. see
Figure 2. The relation is not seen as an aggregative process which shapes global form but as an integration system which is
more macro city, modernity into the more micro one kampong, localtraditional value.
The study is done in two phases. The first phase is a literature study to explain the research premises and justify why
city kampong deserves to be revised. The objective is to position kampong as a reality in city modernizations in Indonesia. The
approach of social change theories are used for understanding the correlation between the local element kampong and modern
element city. Kampong is one of city settlement types. The settlement function is the
raison d’etre of kampong in the city. It is the state of art in architectural research which is done in the next
phase. The second phase is the empirical study done onto the three particular kampongs which has been chosen as the case
studies. Based on the empirical study about kampong space integration in the city, an analysis-interpretation method is done to
understand the kampong position in urbanity in Indonesia. The analysis is done by [1] recording building mass configurations and
spaces in the three kampongs as case studies and learning spatial configuration patterns from the existing condition on sites,
[2] through thorough participative examining and then formulating morphological themes which base the space configurations and
[3] interpreting factors which become the space configuration structure.
5. KAMPONG AS A REALITY IN CITY MODERNIZATION
Kampong as a local element of the city
The study of kampong existence in the city cannot be disintegrated
from the
city modernization
discourse. Modernization is a process of social changes which happens in
the society because of the congregation between local values and foreign ones. Therefore, the position of kampong as city local
element needs to be understood in the social changing context. Some relevant theories which have been developed to explain the
social changes can be categorized into three paradigms, as follows:
[1]
Evolution paradigm
Evolution paradigm sees the social changes go on slowly and cumulatively. The paradigm perceived the traditions which
represent past era would be faded and in the end would be gradually replaced by modernity Rostow, 1971. In architecture
discourse, Roger Trancik 1986, in his book Finding Lost Space, obviously showed how modern architecture movement neglected
and rejected traditional space planning principles of past eras.
and Manifestation, Medan, 13
th
- 14
th
November 2007
358
[2] Conflict paradigm
From this paradigm, city modernization eliminates kampong or at least let kampong always be exiled from and “not
been touched” by the modernization process. Kampong demolis
hment which is often happened for the sake of “modern” commercial buildings is the real example of the elimination of
local element in city urbanity. [3]
Acculturation paradigm
From acculturation paradigm, localtraditional element is not identified as a frozen thing and without dynamic changes.
Local values develop because of assimilation with foreign modern elements. The assimilation is assured to produce a
dynamic and blended social change.
From the three social changes stated above, acculturation paradigm is the most effective approach to describe
kampong reality in city modernization in Indonesia. City modernization is an assimilation of existing local element
kampong and foreignnew element. The approach goes along with the one which sees the city as architecture. City is identified
as a physical form artifact. Some are monumental and some are common, some are planned and some are amorphous, some are
traditional and some are modern.
Kampong settlement function in the city
The function of kampong as a settlement for most of city dwellers is kampong’s important role in the city. The sustainability
of kampong function as a settlement type in city modernization is an indubitable historical fact. The informal settlement reality since
1970s attracted experts’ attentions in theoretical discourses about
urban settlement development in developing countries. According to Tjondrosugianto 1981:34-47 at least there are four paradigms
which can be used for explaining the position of kampong in kampong settlements production mode, i.e.: [1] Welfare
paradigm, [2] Economic paradigm, [3] Housing Resource paradigm, and [4] Rejection paradigm.
Housing resource paradigm can be used to understand why kampong as an urban settlement can exist in urban
modernization. The paradigm can be said as a realistic approach to housing development in developing countries because most of
housing providing is done informally by the society. Therefore, kampong is actually given the right to have an existence
guarantee in the city.
As a social reality, kampong also takes role in forming urbanism in Indonesia. Kampong as a settlement in the city
cannot be understood wholly without knowing the position of kampong community in the city area. In the effort to understand it,
it should be obvious firstly two important concepts which can be
