Conclusion Proceedings International Seminar The Knowledge City: Spirit, Character, and Manifestation

and Manifestation, Medan, 13 th - 14 th November 2007 216 There are several sectors could be developed in Dabosingkep areas are: [i] Culture, related on tourism sector: Tourism object could be developed are natural landscape of beach, natural forest sanctuary, culture tourism regarding lead mining museum. This case still need develop by management of tourism track to another object around Dabosingkep area. [ii] Human development Crisis of confidence cause by former lead mining prosperity need human development more related to economic such as Industrial sector that regards on production of marine, fish, rubber, and supporting tourism industry. Sea food industry and other marine sector related on fish, seashore or beach tourism, research on marine and nautical, aquatic touring, diving and other water sport, object tourism such as landscape and water recreation. Agriculture ad plantation sector plant and farming, including cow, poultry, swallow, goat Trade and service sector. [iii] Ecosystem awareness Activity related on small islands ecosystem such as taking of timber as building material, sand, granite, gravel, limestone, quartz, stone, and coral. References Cuthbert, Alexander R 2003 Designing Cities: Critical Reading in Urban Design. United Kingdom: Blackwell Publisher. Dwitri Waluyo 2007 Lingkungan. Gatra. No. 40 Indonesia. Ferianto H Djais, cs ..... Perencanaan Tata Ruang Pulau Pulau Kecil. Departemen Kelautan dan Perikanan. Ferianto H. Djais, cs …. Regional Marine Planning Book 1. Departemen Kelautan dan Perikanan. Ferianto H. Djais, cs …. Regional Marine Planning Book 2. Departemen Kelautan dan Perikanan. Jon Lang 2006 Urban Design: a Typology of Procedure and Product. Great Britain: Elsevier Ltd. ……. 2005 Lingga Regency in Figures 2005. Bappeda Kabupaten Lingga dan BPS Kabupaten Lingga Http:www.kompas.co.idkompas-cetak050615jendela1818292.htm Http:www.hcn.organization Http:www.singkep.com and Manifestation, Medan, 13 th - 14 th November 2007 217 CITY AS A HUMAN DEVELOPMENT ECOSYSTEM: EXPLORING THE CHARACTERISTICS OF AN ENTREPRENEURIAL REGION Izaidin Abdul Majid, Dr. Universiti Teknikal Malaysia Melaka Mohd. Taib Dora, Prof. Dr. Universiti Teknikal Malaysia Melaka Kamariah Ismail, Dr. Universiti Teknologi Malaysia Huzili Hussin Universiti Malaysia Perlis Abstract It is commonly agreed that entrepreneurial activities is crucial in generating economic development, creating new jobs, promote innovative and creative ideas that will eventually contribute to human development and the economic growth of a country. Economic growth, especially at the regional level and specifically in the formation of regional clusters of industrial innovation, is generally thought to have very close connections with entrepreneurship and new firm formation. In order to help spur entrepreneurial activities, supportive environment for business start-up or entrepreneurial regions should be designed and established. Entrepreneurial regions are perceived to display characteristics that are consistent with economic prosperity and growth. Some of these characteristics are high levels of business start-up, often of high quality ventures and an adaptable and flexible indigenous population of firms that are innovative and trade extensively outside the region as well as creating new economic opportunity within it. On the human or entrepreneurs perspective the issue of culture is an interesting area to be explored. The extent to which a culture of entrepreneurship exists and the extent to which individuals experience enterprise and observe entrepreneurial activity in others around them is an indicator of entrepreneurial potential within the region. This paper therefore, explores and highlights some of these issues pertaining to entrepreneurial region and human development in terms of their entrepreneurial culture. This study reveals that the Multimedia Super Corridor Malaysia fulfills the entire underlying criterion as proposed in the research framework of an entrepreneurial region. and Manifestation, Medan, 13 th - 14 th November 2007 218 INTRODUCTION Entrepreneurial activities have been recognised by many researchers as a major player and substantial catalyst to the economic growth of a country Birley 1987. This is based on the fact that it is commonly agreed that new business formation is crucial in generating economic development and creating numerous new jobs Birley 1987; Kirchoff and Phillips 1987; Reynolds 1987; Chandler and Hanks 1993. As reported by The Global Entrepreneurial Monitor GEM 2002, about 286 million individuals, or 12 percent of 2.4 billion adults, aged 18 to 64 in the 37 GEM 2002 countries were either actively engaged in the start- up process or were managing a business less than 42 months old in the spring of 2002. Since these countries represent 62 percent of the world population, the GEM estimated that about 460 million people were involved in entrepreneurship worldwide. Thus, it is commonly agreed that entrepreneurial activities is crucial in generating economic development, creating new jobs, promote innovative and creative ideas that will eventually contribute to human development and the economic growth of a country. Economic growth, especially at the regional level and specifically in the formation of regional clusters of industrial innovation, is generally thought to have very close connections with entrepreneurship and new firm formation. In order to help spur entrepreneurial activities, supportive environment for business start-up or entrepreneurial regions should be designed and established. Entrepreneurial regions are perceived to display characteristics that are consistent with economic prosperity and growth. Some of these characteristics are high levels of business start-up, often of high quality ventures and an adaptable and flexible indigenous population of firms that are innovative and trade extensively outside the region as well as creating new economic opportunity within it. To this end, it is of paramount interest of this study to look into these entrep reneurial region’s characteristics with regard to Multimedia Super Corridor MSC Malaysia. In addition, this study is also investigating the product of a government policy initiative, i.e., the establishment of MSC Malaysia. This policy initiative is seen as advancing the country to the 2020 vision and the specific measure is to create cluster of firms in related technologies with a view to developing something like the Silicon Valley of Malaysia. Research Framework In trying to understand and determine the intended quality of an entrepreneurial region, this study adopts the research framework that was forwarded by Atherton and Frith 2005 which was used in examining entrepreneurship in the East Midlands. The framework is based on three propositions that provide a and Manifestation, Medan, 13 th - 14 th November 2007 219 coherent and comprehensive consideration of entrepreneurship and entrepreneurial activity. The three propositions as suggested by Atherton and Frith 2005 are: Proposition 1: Entrepreneurial regions have a culture that recognises, encourages and supports entrepreneurs and entrepreneurial ways of working Culture and Experiences of Entrepreneurship. Proposition 2: Entrepreneurial regions have a dynamic business population that is based on: 1 a healthy start up rate; 2 improving levels of survival amongst newly established firms; 3 a large and rising proportion of entrepreneurial firms that are growing; 4 agglomeration effects that speed up regional growth through clusters, clustering and the geographical concentrations of businesses Components of an Entrepreneurial Economy. Proposition 3: The institutions and infrastructure of a region explicitly support and enable entrepreneurial activity, and the wider regional and national macro-economic conditions enable it Enablers of Entrepreneurship. Entrepreneurial Region and New Firm Formation The reasons for new firm starts are complex, and a combination of factors will often contribute to venture creation Birley and Westhead 1994. However, studies have shown unemployment to be a major factor behind new firm formation in the 1970s and 1980s Storey 1982; Mason 1989; Westhead 1990; Baker 1995, a trigger which stimulates new venture creation. There is a range of motivational factors which contribute to an understanding of the formation of small firms. Mason 1989 identified reasons for establishing new firms, in descending order as; independence, dissatisfaction with previous employment, business opportunity, to make money, unemployment, achievementto use skills, part-time interesthobby, tired of making profits for others, insecurity in employment and no wish to relocate. Feldman 2001 following Porter 1990 pointed out that huge market demands, a network of supporting industries and supportive government policy provides a set of factors that increases firms’ activities. Bahrami and Evans 1995 in their observation of the Silicon Valley as an “ecosystem of institutions” attributed the growth and success of Silicon Valley to it being a well-defined geographical business context. This environment provides the necessary facilities and support for firm formation and success such as abundance of venture capitalists, a pool of knowledge professionals and expertise from all over the world, universities and research institutes, a sophisticated service infrastructure, as and Manifestation, Medan, 13 th - 14 th November 2007 220 well as many customers, lead-users and early adopters of new technologies. Feldman 2001 following Malecki 1997 acknowledges the central role played by venture capital in helping the formation and success of a new venture. Besides providing funding, venture capitalists were also perceived to contribute in providing management expertise and are also considered as an important indicator of the innovative potential of a regional economy Feldman 2001. Cooper 1973 suggested among other factors that influence the decision to found a new business is ‘a complex set of external factors’ which include the availability of capital and general societal attitudes towards entrepreneurship. Economic growth, especially at the regional level and specifically in the formation of regional clusters of industrial innovation, is generally thought to have very close connections with entrepreneurship and new firm formation Feldman 2001. The role of entrepreneurial expertise or support services is recognised as an important factor that assists and promotes firm formation especially in a designated business or industrial region such as the MSC. Entrepreneurial expertise or support services provides new firms with information about issues such as intellectual property, business formation and legal requirements, as well as routine accounting and business compliance issues since it is understood that small firms are typically not able to engage these resources in-house Feldman 2001. In the MSC the role of facilitating the development of technical entrepreneurs, start-ups and existing ICT companies is shouldered by the MSC Technopreneur Development Flagship within the administration of the Multimedia Development Corporation MDeC. Support services are also facilitated by this flagship such as exploring business opportunities, providing technology labs facilities, establishing partners and markets and providing access to funding facilities such as venture capital, grant, debt financing and business angels MDeC Technopreneur Development Flagship http:www.technopreneurs.net.mycmsAllProduct.asp?CatID=15 . The success of Silicon Valley has frequently been attributed to factors such as the presence and role played by the two great universities within the valley, the availability of financing for high-risk projects by venture capitals and the concentration of high-technology companies Sherwin 1998. Stanford University and the University of California were two established university located within the Silicon Valley that played an effective role in creating the nucleus of the high-technology industry, which attracts top technical talent from around the world. It has been identified that the presence of institutions such as universities or research establishments plays a multidimensional role in encouraging and supporting new enterprise development. Institutions acts as sources of entrepreneurs and of ideas on and Manifestation, Medan, 13 th - 14 th November 2007 221 which firms are based and support innovation through the provision of specialist technical help to companies Cooper 2000. The business environment established by the Malaysian Government in the MSC is geared at attracting leading ICT companies worldwide as well as encouraging the local entrepreneurs to establish or relocate their firms in the MSC. This is done through the development of highly advanced infrastructural facilities, such as high-capacity global telecommunications and logistics networks within the MSC region and supported by a range of financial and non-financial incentives for investors http:www.mdc.com.mymscmsc.asp . These facilities are viewed as important factors in providing conducive business environment that helps accelerate the birth-rate and attracts the relocation of high-tech multimedia firms in the MSC which is consistent with the related literature in this area. It is clear from the above discussion that explores the role played by the MSC in spurring the growth and development of entrepreneurial firms in the region has manage to address to Proposition 3 of the research framework. Thus, it may be concluded at this point that the above descriptions of the development of MCS Malaysia supports one of the components of the research framework Proposition 3; the institutions and infrastructure of a region explicitly support and enable entrepreneurial activity, and the wider regional and national macro-economic conditions enable it as identified in the previous section of this paper. METHODOLOGY Both types of data, the secondary and primary data, were incorporated in this study. Secondary data were obtained from journal articles and books to provide a firm foundation in structuring the underlying theory for the study. Another form of secondary data used in this study is data obtained from the MSC’s official website and data that were provided directly by the officials of the MDC upon request by the researcher. Huge amounts of information were obtained through the MSC’s official website in the form of updated facts and figures pertaining to the progress of the MSC project. In addition, a series of impact surveys conducted by the MDC officials which were made available by them in their website serve as a very useful source of material that helped the researcher in terms of understanding and determining the research population for this study. Primary data were collected through postal and email surveys and were used in the data analysis process. As this study is aimed to cover the whole population of the Malaysian- owned MSC status companies and the respondents were the owner-managers, CEOs or other senior management of the firms, and Manifestation, Medan, 13 th - 14 th November 2007 222 a survey method using postal, self-administered questionnaire was deemed practical. To address to Proposition 1, in trying to determine the level of entrepreneurial culture and experiences of entrepreneurship perceived by the respondents the Entrepreneurial Management EM theory approach was adopted. The EM construct of the instrument was adopted without any modification from a comprehensively developed research instrument by Brown et al. 2001. This research instrument is the result of a series of research studies Brown, 1998; Brown et al., 2001 tasked at operationalising Stevenson’s 1983 concept of EM. The major theme underlying Stevenson’s concept of EM is “a management approach that has at its heart an all-consuming passion for the pursuit and exploitation of opportunity without regard to resources currently controlled” Stevenson, 1983. He introduces the perspective of looking at firm management inclination from the point of view of how it falls on the entrepreneurial behaviour EB to administrative behaviour AB continuum. This theory of EM as adapted in this study comprises of five dimensions namely Strategic Orientation SO, Management Structure MS, Entrepreneurial Culture EC, Growth Orientation GO and Resource Orientation RO. RESULTS Overview of the Population under Study: MSC This section attempts to address Proposition 2 of the research framework; entrepreneurial regions have a dynamic business population. Rapid growth in the number of approved MSC-status companies over a relatively short period of time since the introduction of the MSC in 1996 Figure 1 suggests that the MSC has the ability to contribute to economic growth and development of Malaysia. The MSC Impact Survey 2004 reported that the MSC companies employed 19,061 in 2003 of which more than 16,000 were classified as knowledge workers, with 82 percent of these being Malaysians. The economic impact as revealed by the survey shows total sales of 5.86 billion Malaysian Ringgit RM – Malaysia currency, i.e. about £88.4 million and total expenditure recorded at RM4.63 billion about £0.7 billion, while market reach according to the MSC Impact Survey 2003, extends internationally to regions and countries such as the ASEAN Association of South East Asian Nations, Hong Kong, USA, Europe, China, Japan, India, and the Mid-East. The technology impact as reported in the 2004 Impact Survey also has displayed an impressive achievement of the MSC. This can be seen from the range of technology clusters and Manifestation, Medan, 13 th - 14 th November 2007 223 created, huge expenditure on RD and personnel, and from the encouraging number of patents and copyrights filed MSC Impact Survey 2004. Generally, the MDeC as the governing body of the MSC has pointed out that growth in the number of MSC-status companies seven years since the launch of the MSC in 1996 is considered as outstanding. As of February 9 th 2006 there were 1,439 MSC status companies, of which 1,049 were Malaysian- owned, 351 foreign owned and 39 joint ventures Figure 1. Source: http:www.mdc.com.myxtrasfact_figuresmsc.asp Figure 1. MSC-status companies as of 9 th February 2006 Prevalence of EM and Its Dimensions This section attempts to address Proposition 1 of the research framework; entrepreneurial regions have a culture that recognises, encourages and supports entrepreneurs and entrepreneurial ways of working. It is also in the interest of this study to investigate to what extent is the EM approach adopted by the Malaysian-owned MSC-status firms. Based on the global measure of EM the results of the descriptive statistical analysis suggest that a large majority of the firms, 90.5 per cent and a mean score of 6.66, may be classified as entrepreneurial as their score on the EM continuum was 6 and above on the 10 point Likert scale. and Manifestation, Medan, 13 th - 14 th November 2007 224 On further investigation on each dimension of the EM construct, mixed results were found on the prevalence of EM. MS, SO and EC dimensions show high prevalence in firms with strong entrepreneurial propensity. For MS, 63.5 per cent mean score is 6.12 of the sample firms scored 6 and above on the 10 point Likert scale, for SO, 77.7 per cent means score is 6.87 and for EC. 94.1 per cent mean score is 7.97. This indicates that the firms tend to be more entrepreneurial with regard to the MS, SO and EC dimensions. However, for the GO and RO dimensions the results show that the sample firms tend to be on the average scores 45.9 per cent with mean score of 5.42 and 50.6 per cent with mean score of 5.47 respectively on their level of EM propensity. The explanation for high prevalence of the global EM amongst the firms may be that since the majority of the firms are young firms they tend to be highly entrepreneurial. As for the individual sub-dimensions of EM some possible explanation may be suggested as to why there are some differences in the level of EM practiced by the firms. In terms of the MS dimension, a relatively high prevalence of EM may be associated with the fact that the majority of the firms are small in size which makes it less likely for them to have a rigid form of structure in their organisation, like a bureaucratic firm. Thus, their fair and practical choice of firm organisational structure could be one that is flat and in terms of organisational control would be loose and informal as suggested by the EM approach. The firms also show high entrepreneurial propensity on the SO dimension which may be related to the assumption that these firms were putting high priority on opportunities rather than resources in steering the direction and speed of their business strategies. This may be understandable as these firms are young and they tend to be more proactive in recognising and seizing opportunities. This is also supported by the fact that market demand for technology and ICT-based products and services is still relatively new and strong within the MSC and with regard to government contracts these firms have to be proactive in seizing these opportunities. Another potential explanation for this could be that as the firms are small, which means that they tend to own limited resources; this could lead them to prefer opportunities rather than resources i.e. human resources in formulating their business strategies. The EC dimension receives the highest score with 94.1 per cent of the firms indicating scores of 6 and above on the EM scale. This may be associated with the fact that the majority of the entrepreneurs are young and may be assumed to be more enthusiastic and energetic in exploring new markets and opportunities and have lots of ideas that may be converted into profitable product or services. As argued above, since these and Manifestation, Medan, 13 th - 14 th November 2007 225 firms are small, therefore, their organisation structure tends to be flatter with loose and informal control system. This situation tends to promote the easier flow of ideas within the firm helping innovation, stimulated by new technology the firm is developing and a strong domestic market in the early stages which seeks new products and services. The RO dimension seems to be receiving the lowest scores with only 45.9 per cent of the firms being at the entrepreneurial end of the EM continuum. A potential explanation could be that since the majority of these firms are small not many of them have an excessive amount of resources in terms of human and equipment resources to be shared or rented amongst the firms. It could also be disputed that as these firms are competing with each others in the same market they might be reluctant to share their resources especially their human resources for fear of expertise drain. Another possible explanation for the lack of a significant result with the RO dimension could also be related to the wording of the two RO items themselves as used in this study which is a full adoption of the original version by Brown et al. 2001. The first item of RO read as “We like to employ resources that we borrow or rent” on the entrepreneurial end of the continuum. This item may pose some confusion over the use of the word “employ” which may means “to take on” or “hire” while what was intended of the item in this context is “use the services of”. The second item reads as “In exploiting opportunities, having the idea is more important than just having money”. This statement may also invite some confusion as just an “idea” may not means a lot to an entrepreneur unless it is spelt out clearly in the statement, as for example a workable or promising idea which has high potential to be converted into a profitable product or services. The firms also show low entrepreneurial propensity on the GO dimension. However, in reality these firms are in fact growing steadily. This is reflected by the fact that 76.6 per cent of the firms registered a 100 per cent and above overall growth rate in the previous three years or about 33.3 per cent annual growth. Thus, they may not be explicitly focused on rapid growth but they are growing. In addition, in order to grow faster and bigger entrepreneurs will need to seek for external funding which may results in them to surrender their equities in exchange. As suggested by Oakey 2003 involvement of external actors might cause a dilution of the entrepreneur’s control over the firms which often is not an attractive option. Therefore, they tend to have mixed thoughts on this dimension of the EM approach. and Manifestation, Medan, 13 th - 14 th November 2007 226 Summary of the prevalence of EM A summary of the prevalence of EM and its various dimensions among the sample firms is displayed graphically in Figure 2. This is to assist in making comparisons between the various dimensions of EM in terms of the level of propensity to adopt the EM style of managing a firm amongst the owner- managers and CEOs of the sample firms. 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 Scores on the EM scale N u m b e r o f fi rm s EM MS SO EC GO RO Figure 2. Summary of the prevalence of the global EM measure and its various dimensions CONCLUSION By applying the framework of a regional economy to MSC Malaysia and taking into consideration of the various proposition set in this study, it may be concluded that this paper has managed to provide a broad characterisation of levels and dynamics of entrepreneurial activity in the region. Both secondary and primary data gathered pertaining to the study have provided a substantative basis for applying the framework. What may be considered as the basic elements of an entrepreneurial region, namely entrepreneurs starting and running businesses that survive and grow, appears to be relatively strong in the MSC Malaysia. Based on the related findings revealed from this study, it can be concluded that the MSC Malaysia region has a healthy start-up rate and good prospects for survival amongst new firms. Enabling institutions within the MSC appear to operate in ways and Manifestation, Medan, 13 th - 14 th November 2007 227 that are increasingly entrepreneurial and the general economic environment is broadly conducive for entrepreneurship. It is evident from this study that the Malaysian Government has played a crucial role in ensuring the development and success of the MSC project which is reflected in three major aspects. First, as acknowledged by Ramasamy et al. 2004, the primary role of the government is in setting policies for the development of the MSC, its companies and its required resources. This is done through the development of highly advanced infrastructural facilities, such as high-capacity global telecommunications and logistics networks within the MSC region and is supported by a range of financial and non-financial incentives for investors. Secondly, the Malaysian Government is also perceived to act as the primary user of MSC outputs or products, i.e. in meeting government demand through its various flagship project Ramasamy, et al. 2004. Among the projects under the Multimedia Development Flagship Applications include Electronic Government, Multipurpose Card MyKad, Smart Schools, Tele-Health, RD Clusters, E-Business and Technopreneur Development http:www.msc.com.mymsc flagships.asp . Thirdly, the government acts as financier of research and early system development Ramasamy, et al. 2004. The MDeC that was established as a one-stop centre for the development of the MSC has a wholly-owned subsidiary venture capital organisation, MSC Venture Corporation which manages RM 120 million in funds. These initiatives by the Malaysian Government contribute substantially to the progress of the MSC project. 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