RESEARCH QUESTIONS Proceedings International Seminar The Knowledge City: Spirit, Character, and Manifestation

and Manifestation, Medan, 13 th - 14 th November 2007 357 integration in a city is perceived as a “part to whole” relation. see Figure 2. The relation is not seen as an aggregative process which shapes global form but as an integration system which is more macro city, modernity into the more micro one kampong, localtraditional value. The study is done in two phases. The first phase is a literature study to explain the research premises and justify why city kampong deserves to be revised. The objective is to position kampong as a reality in city modernizations in Indonesia. The approach of social change theories are used for understanding the correlation between the local element kampong and modern element city. Kampong is one of city settlement types. The settlement function is the raison d’etre of kampong in the city. It is the state of art in architectural research which is done in the next phase. The second phase is the empirical study done onto the three particular kampongs which has been chosen as the case studies. Based on the empirical study about kampong space integration in the city, an analysis-interpretation method is done to understand the kampong position in urbanity in Indonesia. The analysis is done by [1] recording building mass configurations and spaces in the three kampongs as case studies and learning spatial configuration patterns from the existing condition on sites, [2] through thorough participative examining and then formulating morphological themes which base the space configurations and [3] interpreting factors which become the space configuration structure.

5. KAMPONG AS A REALITY IN CITY MODERNIZATION

 Kampong as a local element of the city The study of kampong existence in the city cannot be disintegrated from the city modernization discourse. Modernization is a process of social changes which happens in the society because of the congregation between local values and foreign ones. Therefore, the position of kampong as city local element needs to be understood in the social changing context. Some relevant theories which have been developed to explain the social changes can be categorized into three paradigms, as follows: [1] Evolution paradigm Evolution paradigm sees the social changes go on slowly and cumulatively. The paradigm perceived the traditions which represent past era would be faded and in the end would be gradually replaced by modernity Rostow, 1971. In architecture discourse, Roger Trancik 1986, in his book Finding Lost Space, obviously showed how modern architecture movement neglected and rejected traditional space planning principles of past eras.