System of Religion, Religion Ceremony, Village Custom versus Development of Denpasar

and Manifestation, Medan, 13 th - 14 th November 2007 189 limitiations to the use of city spatial. The implementation of culture value is: the traditional spatial pattern, social system, religious system, and customary village as well. Those are influencing to not optimally capacity of Denpasar City so that those cause the trends of city development to urban fringe area, so culture value pattern has presented the big influence to the use of land and development of urban extended area. B. Recommendation 1. It is needed the study more accurately and deeply to analyze the existence of culture values in the future so that the decision can be taken wisely and definitely as strategic step in solving the city issue related to the culture value pattern of community. 2. It is needed to define the real steps to formulate strategies in developing areas more accurately, efficiency, integrate and comprehensive before the areas growing uncontrolled by considering the aspect of Balinese community culture value in land use of Denpasar city. 3. It is needed the legal aspect to keep the self conservation areas in Denpasar city so that those areas can not be relocate or changed the use for other city activities. 4. It is needed to expand the new area out of the city to anticipate the growth and development of Denpasar city. 5. It is needed to keep the current traditional rule of building height limitation and development of underground as conservation to the Balinese traditional values and to strength the identity and characteristic of Denpasar city. REFERENCES Adhika, I Made. 1994. Peran Banjar dalam Penataan Komunitas, Studi Kasus Kota Denpasar. Bandung: Tesis Program S2 Jurusan Perencanaan Wilayah dan Kota ITB. Astika, Sudhana Ketut, dkk. 1986. Peranan Banjar pada Masyarakat Bali. Denpasar: Departemen Pendidikan dan Kebudayaan, Proyek Inventarisasi dan Dokumentasi Kebudayaan Daerah. Bappeda Tingkat I Bali dan Universitas Udayana. 1982. Pengembangan Arsitektur Tradisional Bali untuk Keserasian Alam Lingkungan, Sikap Hidup, Tradisi dan Teknologi. Denpasar: Bappeda Tingkat I Bali. Budihardjo, Eko. 1986. Architectural Conservation in Bali. Yogyakarta: Penerbit Gajah Mada University Press. and Manifestation, Medan, 13 th - 14 th November 2007 190 191 Part Four: CITY AS A HUMAN DEVELOPMENT ECOSYSTEM 192 and Manifestation, Medan, 13 th - 14 th November 2007 193 AN ORGANISM NAMED SOLO THE CONCEPT OF CITY AS GENETICS Qomarun Student of Architecture Doctoral Program School of Postgraduate, Gadjah Mada University of Yogyakarta, Indonesia Jl. Grafika 2, Yogyakarta 55281 Lecturer of Architecture Department Faculty of Engineering, Muhammadiyah University of Surakarta, Indonesia Jl. A. Yani Tromol Pos 1, Kartasura, Surakarta 57102 Phone: 0271-717417 Ext 225; E-mail: qomarunums.ac.id Arya Ronald Lecturer of Architecture Doctoral Program School of Postgraduate, Gadjah Mada University of Yogyakarta, Indonesia Jl. Grafika 2, Yogyakarta 55281 Phone: 0274-580092; E-mail: aryaronaldugm.ac.id Abstract This study will explore the city of Solo as a human development ecosystem. The objective of the study is to find the main element of Solo and to know its expression, transmission and variation. The study has focused in the urban growth for the last 500 years old in Solo, one of the oldest towns in Java. The research was approached by a rationalistic inquiry. The rationalistic research was carried out by a-three-archive strategy: primary files; secondary files and physical files. The primary files referred to the old Javanese archives parintah, piyagem, undang-undang, pranatan, serat, kakancingan, gugat, penget. The secondary files referred to the research documents historian, sociologist, geographer etc. While the physical files referred to the field survey that was conducted by interviews and collecting the artefacts. The analysis was conducted by the theory of genetics. The research found that the new organism named Solo was born in 1550s. In the early period, the merging activities of the native people on along River Bengawan Solo and the government of Sultanate Pajang were the source of its entity, while in the next period 1750s-1950s, the mixture activities of Mataram Surakarta Kingdom with the foreigner Dutch, Chinese and Arab were the source of its growth, and afterwards in the latest period 1950s-2000s, the merging activities of the government of Republic Indonesia and the province of Central Java were the source of its sustaining. Furthermore, the research and Manifestation, Medan, 13 th - 14 th November 2007 194 found that the main element of city was coded by H, L and B. The compound of those elements will provide a new substance coded D1, D2, D3, Dn. Afterwards; the new organism can be arisen by merging those substances through T process. The variation of T process T1, T2, T3, Tn is the main identity of city as genetics. City as an organism, has the same character as biological life as follows: birth, growth, sick, reproduction, dead etc. What, why and how the city can be coded, identified and specified, this paper will explain it. Keywords: Organism, City, Genetics, Ecosystem, Solo A. INTRODUCTION Solo also known as Surakarta is originally an ancient city which grows into one of the modern cities in Indonesia while maintaining its cultural heritage Qomarun, 2007: 6. Geographically, this town is located at 110 45’ 15” – 110 45’ 35” East and 0 70’ 36” – 0 70’ 56” South. Laid between the mountain Lawu and Merapi-Merbabu, Solo is a lowland area 92 meters above sea level. There are three main rivers in Solo: River Bengawan Solo, River Pepe and River Jenes see fig. 1-2. Solo has 44 km square area and 552,542 citizens in 2005. Solo as a human development ecosystem, has appeared and developed in the middle of Java since 1500s. Being one of the oldest cities in Indonesia, it has an extraordinary of urban development and architecture. There were not only from Javanese and the Dutch but also from Chinese and Arab. Solo, known as the spirit of Java, had become the one of the most popular tourism cities in Indonesia. Having been specified as a- new-entity, a-growth-substance and a-spirit-material, Solo actually had some characters of organism. and Manifestation, Medan, 13 th - 14 th November 2007 195 Figure 3. The Artefacts of Solo in 2007 above 1 a 6 7 9 8 5 4 3 a 2 a Notes: 1. 1500s-Kampung Laweyan

2. 1550s-Kampung Pajang 3. 1550s-Kampung Solo

4. 1600s-Kampung Cina 5. 1600s-Kampung Arab

6. 1750s-Kampung Baluwarti 7. 1750s-Kampung Kauman

8. 1750s-Kampung Eropa 9. 1760s-Kampung Keprabon

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 B. RESEARCH QUESTION 1. How can the city as organism in Solo be explained? 2. How can the genetics of Solo be coded? C. GRAND CONCEPT City is the largest and the most complicated product that ever been created by the humankind Golany, 1995: 65. City can be defined as the place that contains buildings, land and people and Manifestation, Medan, 13 th - 14 th November 2007 196 Cohen, 1999: 155. City can be found either by organic or artificial patterns Kostof, 1991: 43. The structure of the city, as well as the organism, can most simply be identified as ‘skeleton’ street, railways, duct, etc., ‘meat’ buildings and ‘blood’ the activity of citizen Leitmann, 1999: 28. After genome had been discovered by Craig Venter Human Genome Project, 1998- 2004, the terminology of organism changed into: ‘whatever that used the resource of the world to recover or duplicate themselves’ Ridley, 2005: 6. According to this paradigm, cities even used the human and the environment resources to make them alive. The theory of genetics shows that there are four elements of organism to send and create the heredity Bateson, 1906: 1 the genetic material; 2 the genetic expression; 3 the genetic transmission; and 4 the genetic variation. Gene, the raw material of organism, like genome in human, has a specific character. It can be sent from generation to generation heredities to make them be duplicated and sustained. Accordingly, evolution, involution and mutation can be happened to an organism from time to time. The process of change of an organism is also known as morphology. Morphology in urban architecture, like in biology, is to identify the modification of form and structure for along period Rose, 1976: 1. Otherwise, morphology is the process of stand, rise and open to the environment Schulz, 1984: 117.

D. METHOD

The research was conducted by rationalistic inquiry. The rationalistic method focusing in the past was carried out by a- historical-study. The object of the research is the urban settlements which are growth in the last 500 years old and approached by benchmarking map. The method of the research was carried out by a-three-archive research strategy: primary files; secondary files and physical files. The primary files were collected from Javanese documentaries: parintah; undhang- undhang; pranatan; piyagem; kakancingan; etc. They were mostly found in the library of Kasunanan, Mangkunegaran and Radya Pustaka. The secondary files were collected from historian and researcher documents: Ricklefs; Houben; Lombard; Nas; Vorstensteden; Pakubuwono XII; Muljana; Notosusanto; Kartodirdjo; Sajid; Ngadijo; Ronald; Ikaputra; Adishakti etc. Besides, the physical files were collected by field surveys. Having collected those documents, the research was continued by analyzing these data. It is actually the most important process of