KAMPONG AS A REALITY IN CITY MODERNIZATION

and Manifestation, Medan, 13 th - 14 th November 2007 358 [2] Conflict paradigm From this paradigm, city modernization eliminates kampong or at least let kampong always be exiled from and “not been touched” by the modernization process. Kampong demolis hment which is often happened for the sake of “modern” commercial buildings is the real example of the elimination of local element in city urbanity. [3] Acculturation paradigm From acculturation paradigm, localtraditional element is not identified as a frozen thing and without dynamic changes. Local values develop because of assimilation with foreign modern elements. The assimilation is assured to produce a dynamic and blended social change. From the three social changes stated above, acculturation paradigm is the most effective approach to describe kampong reality in city modernization in Indonesia. City modernization is an assimilation of existing local element kampong and foreignnew element. The approach goes along with the one which sees the city as architecture. City is identified as a physical form artifact. Some are monumental and some are common, some are planned and some are amorphous, some are traditional and some are modern.  Kampong settlement function in the city The function of kampong as a settlement for most of city dwellers is kampong’s important role in the city. The sustainability of kampong function as a settlement type in city modernization is an indubitable historical fact. The informal settlement reality since 1970s attracted experts’ attentions in theoretical discourses about urban settlement development in developing countries. According to Tjondrosugianto 1981:34-47 at least there are four paradigms which can be used for explaining the position of kampong in kampong settlements production mode, i.e.: [1] Welfare paradigm, [2] Economic paradigm, [3] Housing Resource paradigm, and [4] Rejection paradigm. Housing resource paradigm can be used to understand why kampong as an urban settlement can exist in urban modernization. The paradigm can be said as a realistic approach to housing development in developing countries because most of housing providing is done informally by the society. Therefore, kampong is actually given the right to have an existence guarantee in the city. As a social reality, kampong also takes role in forming urbanism in Indonesia. Kampong as a settlement in the city cannot be understood wholly without knowing the position of kampong community in the city area. In the effort to understand it, it should be obvious firstly two important concepts which can be and Manifestation, Medan, 13 th - 14 th November 2007 359 used for the sake of understanding kampong position in the city, i.e. community and society concept. Studies which were done by Jane Jacob 1961, Herbert Gans 1962, Liebow 1967, and Suttles 1968 showed that a city inherently needed an environment that was more human, had a close and tight bond of social life. It is a logical consequence of social organization in neighborhood level. Herbert Gans in his book “The Urban Villagers” showed that the community with social bonds which were based on lineages, ethnics, economic status would not be faded in city lives. It was an older community that dwelled in the city centre that gave chances for a gemeinschaft social life type to be born. This paradigm stated that city modernization also triggered the developments of various sub- cultures in the city or which was known as “community saved” Knox, Paul L., 1994:275. In mid-1970s, there was a change in the paradigm of understanding the city after David Harvey 1973, Manuel Castell 1977 and other academicians who were influenced by Marxism which perceived the city as a terminus of the occurrence of urban cultural process and as an arena of conflicts social and spatial because of heterogeneous city dwellers. This paradigm mostly emphasized that urbanization is a process of liberating rather than a process of constraining. With this theoretical approach kampong could be seen not as autonomous enclave which was alienated from the city life, but on the contrary, it was a part of the city life which formed and was formed by the city life. Therefore, urbanism should not have been perceived to be a homogeneous city’s way of life, but as strength for various societies’ way of lives Knox, P.L., 1994:272.

6. KAMPONG AND URBAN PHYSICS CHARACTERS

 Kampong as an artifact Learning from the existing condition is very important in architecture discourse. The most real condition which can be touched, seen and also experienced is a physical reality kampong as a material form of civilization artifact. Based on the empirical observation to the three kampongs as the case studies, at least there are four important underlying issues and can be used to understand space configurations to describe kampong position in the city, i.e.: [1] Complexity, [2] Legibility, [3] Pattern, and [4] Transformation control  Kampong space configurations Basically, kampong space configurations are determined by kampong frame boundary, road systems, and buildings. The frame can create bounds for kampong communities and also and Manifestation, Medan, 13 th - 14 th November 2007 360 definite kampong territories apparently. Kampong basically is the integration between spatial organization territory and social organization. Obviously territory boundaries which are created by the framings strengthen kampong dwellers identification as a community. In one side, the bound gives an exclusive image of the kampong in city dwellers’ perspectives, but on the other side, it also creates a perception in kampong dwellers’ minds that the city is not their territory. The f rame makes us realize of the segregations “here” and “there”, public and private, friend and enemy, inside and outside. On the other hand, circulation pathways connect the segregations with entrances which noted the boundaries of it. The entrances clarify that there are differences between kampong parts and the other particular parts surrounding them and also play roles symbolically to forbid or control the accesses that connect those two parts. Therefore, the permeability of framing is a prerequisite which should be owned by a block of a city. The entrance road is connected to the kampong road systems. In West Java it is known by the term of “jalan jajahan” which is actually a soil pathway used by pedestrians to access an area. In the studied kampongs, it can be recognized that the jalan jajahan is apparently an important element in the forming of kampong space configurations. The routes of jalan jajahan are formed by some factors, i.e.: the boundaries of land possessions farms or ranches, the easiness and the convenience of pedestrians. 1 Kampong roads are determined by the evolution of jalan jajahan which have been there when the kampong are still relatively not occupied. Kampong dwellers really pay attention to the jalan jajahan when they have to do dividing of the lands. The role of the jalan jajahan is not the determining factor that forms kampong space configurations in the beginning, but mostly is the factor to determine the start and ending points of circulations origin and destination. Kampong dwellers can change the routes of jalan jajahan to be continuous. The changes are usually done according to the possessions of the lands or the positions and orientations of their homes. Kampong space configuration systems are formed incrementally by individual buildings. There are no global forms which are planned before, hence basically the configurations are determined by houses positioning versus the existing houses by not closing chances of physical accesses to other buildings. The existence of social harmony values among the kampong dwellers make it possible to happen. It clarifies what has been stated by John Lang that an organic growth process as such is assured to be controlled by a set of rules or social realities Lang, J., 1994:2. 1 The pedestrians always bring bearers with weights, guide cattle, even carts for delivering agricultural crops.